Chapter 12 Vocab

Question 0

​a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

Answer 0

Instinct

Question 1

​a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Answer 1

Motivation

Question 2

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates and organism to satisfy the need.

Answer 2

Drive-reduction theory

Question 3

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

Answer 3

Homeostasis

Question 4

​a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

Answer 4

Incentive

Question 5

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

Answer 5

Hierarchy of Needs

Question 6

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Answer 6

Glucose

Question 7

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Answer 7

Set Point

Question 8

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

Answer 8

Basal Metabolic Rate

Question 9

an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

Answer 9

Anorexia Nervosa

Question 10

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Answer 10

Bulimia Nervosa

Question 11

the four stages of sexual responding describe by Masters and Johnson—excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Answer 11

Sexual Response Cycle

Question 12

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

Answer 12

Refractory Period

Question 13

​a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.

Answer 13

Sexual Disorder

Question 14

a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

Answer 14

Estrogen

Question 15

the most important of the male sex hormones….Both males and females have it, the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Answer 15

Testosterone

Question 16

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).

Answer 16

Sexual Orientation

Question 17

a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills.

Answer 17

Flow

Question 18

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

Answer 18

Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology

Question 19

a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development.

Answer 19

Personnel Psychology

Question 20

a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change.

Answer 20

Organizational Psychology

Question 21

interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales.

Answer 21

Structured Interviews

Question 22

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; attaining a high standard.

Answer 22

Achievement Motivation

Question 23

​goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals.

Answer 23

Task Leadership

Question 24

group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support.

Answer 24

Social Leadership