Chapter 10 Vocab Flashcards
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Concept
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
Cognition
A mental image or best example of a category
Prototype
A methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
Algorithm
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
Heuristics
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem it contrasts with strategy based solutions
Insight
A tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions
Confirmation bias
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective an impediment to problem solving
Fixation
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way often a way that has been successful in the past
Mental set
The tendency to think of things only in terms of there usual functions an impediment to problem solving
Function fixation
Judging the likelihood of hints in terms of how we,k they seem to represent or match particular prototypes may lead one to ignore other relevant information
Representative heuristics
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory if instances come readily to mind we presume such events as common
Availability heuristics
The tendency to be more confident than correct to overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgements
Overconfidence
The way an issue is posed how it is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
Framing
The tendency for ones pre existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or valid conclusions seem invalid
Belief bias
Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the bias on which they were formed has been discredited
Belief perseverance
Our spoken written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Language
In language the smallest distinctive sound unit
Phoneme
In a language the smallest unit that carries meaning may be a word or part of a word
Morpheme
In language a system of rules that enables us to communicate and understand each other
Grammar
The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes words and sentences in a given language also the study of meaning
Semantics
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
Syntax
Beginning at about 4 months the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utter various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
Babbling stage
The stage in speech development from about age 1 to 2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words
One word stage
Beginning at about age 2 the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements
Two word stage
Early speech in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly muons and verbs omitting auxiliary words
Telegraphic speech
Whorfs hypothesis that language determines they way we think
Linguistic determination
