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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 4 A&P > Flashcards

Chapter 4 A&P Flashcards

1
Q

What are tissues?

A

Cells organized into more complex units

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2
Q

What is the study of tissues called?

A

Histology

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3
Q

Who examines the tissues?

A

A pathologist

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4
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
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5
Q

What is the superficial tissue?

A

Epithelial

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6
Q

Which tissue is very diverse?

A

Connective

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7
Q

What is the muscle tissue for?

A

Contraction and generation of power movements. Also generates heat for the body.

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8
Q

Which tissue is responsible for electrical signals?

A

Nervous tissue

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9
Q

Which tissue is tightly packed together (stacked)?

A

Epithelial

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10
Q

Which tissue is scattered and surrounded by large amounts of extracellular matrix?

A

Connective

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11
Q

Which tissue lines the body surfaces and cavities?

A

Epithelial

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12
Q

Where do epithelial cells attach?

A

Basement membrane

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13
Q

Does Epithelial tissue have a nerve supply?

A

Yes

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14
Q

True or false: Mitosis rarely occurs in epithelial tissue

A

False

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15
Q

What is the apical surface?

A

The exposed surface to external environment

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16
Q

What kind of surface has intercellular junctions?

A

Lateral surfaces

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17
Q

Which surface is attached to the basement membrane?

A

Basal surface

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18
Q

Main functions of the epithelial tissue: (4)

A
  1. Secretions
  2. Sensations
  3. Physical protection
  4. Selective permeability
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19
Q

How do you name a tissue?

A

Arrangement of layers and cell shape

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20
Q

What is a “simple” layer?

A

One row

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21
Q

What is a pseudostratified layer?

A

One layer that is stretched vertically

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22
Q

When is a layer considered “stratified”?

A

Two or more layers

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23
Q

What do squamous cells look like?

A

Flat, widened, thin

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24
Q

Which cells look cube-like?

A

Cuboidal

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25
Q

Which cells are taller than they are wide?

A

Columnar

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26
Q

What are the 3 possible types of cell shapes?

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Columnar
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27
Q

Where may you find simple epithelium?

A

Found where filtration, absorption, or secretion primary function

Ex. Lining of air sacs of lungs, intestines, blood vessels

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28
Q

Where are stratified epithelium found?

A

Found in areas subjected to mechanical stress

Ex. Skin, lining of the pharynx, esophagus

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29
Q

Which epithelium appears layered, but is actually 1 layer?

Hint: “False” layers

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

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30
Q

What is the nucleus like in squamous cells?

A

Flattened

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31
Q

What is the nucleus like in cuboidal cells?

A

Spherical and in center of cell

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32
Q

What is the nucleus like in columnar cells?

A

Oval

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33
Q

Where is the nucleus in transitional cells?

A

Occur where epithelium stretches and relaxes

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34
Q

Two main divisions of the glands:

A
  1. Endocrine
  2. Exocrine
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35
Q

What do glands do?

A

Secrete substances for use elsewhere for elimination

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36
Q

What is the difference between the secretions in the glands?

A

Endocrine glands secrete hormone products into interstitial fluid and blood

Exocrine glands secrete product on to a surface

37
Q

Which gland handles sweat, mammary, and saliva?

A

Exocrine glands

38
Q

Which gland acts as chemical messengers?

A

Endocrine glands

39
Q

Unicellular =

A

Single cells

40
Q

Define multicellular

A

Composed of many cells that form a distinctive microscopic structure or macroscopic organ

41
Q

Structural classification of sweat glands

A

Multicellular

42
Q

What do merocrine glands do?

A

Secretions released from cell via exocytosis

43
Q

What surface does Apocrine glands secrete from?

Hint: “Ap”

A

Apical surfaces

44
Q

What is the functional classification of a gland where the whole cell becomes secretory product? Ex. oil glands

45
Q

Connective tissue cells: Which are resident?

(3 of them)

A

Fibroblasts
Adipocytes
Fixed macrophages

46
Q

Which resident cell is also known as fat cells?

A

Adipocytes

47
Q

What are fixed macrophages derived from?

48
Q

Which cells are relatively large and irregularly shaped?

A

Fixed macrophages

(Macro means large)

49
Q

What do fixed macrophages do to damaged cells or pathogens?

A

Phagocytize (engulf) them

50
Q

What are the 3 wandering cells?

A
  1. Mast Cells
  2. Plasma Cells
  3. Free Macrophages
51
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Assist with dilating blood vessels by releasing histamine

52
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Type of white blood cell

53
Q

Where do mast cells wander?

A

Close to blood vessels

54
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

Produce antibodies

55
Q

What are antibodies and what do they do?

A

They are proteins that immobilize foreign material

56
Q

Are plasma cells from red or white blood cells?

57
Q

What are free macrophages?

A

Mobile phagocytic cells that function the same as fixed macrophages

58
Q

What are the 3 types of protein fibers in CT?

A
  1. Reticular
  2. Elastic
  3. Collagen
59
Q

What is the purpose of protein fibers?

A

Strengthen and support tissue

60
Q

Which protein fiber is tough, but flexible?

61
Q

Which protein fiber is known to be abundant in the framework of organs?

62
Q

Which protein fiber stretches and recoils easily?

63
Q

What do elastic fibers do?

A

Help structures return to normal shape after stretching

64
Q

Where can elastic fibers be found?

A

Skin, lungs, arteries,

65
Q

Which protein fiber is strong, flexible and resistant to stretching?

66
Q

Where can collagen fibers be found?

A

Tendons and ligaments

67
Q

What are the 3 loose connective tissues?

A

Areolar, Adipose, Reticular

68
Q

What are the 3 dense connective tissues?

A

Regular, Irregular, Elastic

69
Q

What are the 3 cartilage supporting connective tissues?

A

Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, Elastic

70
Q

What are the 2 bone supporting connective tissues?

A

Compact, Spongey

71
Q

What is the fluid connective tissue?

72
Q

3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth muscle

73
Q

Two kinds of cells in the nervous system:

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

74
Q

What do the neuroglia do?

A

Protect and support the neurons

75
Q

What are membranes?

A

Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body

76
Q

What are the 4 types of Epithelial membranes?

A

Mucous
Serous
Cutaneous
Synovial

77
Q

Which membrane lines body cavity open to exterior?

78
Q

Which membrane lines body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior?

79
Q

Which membrane is skin (epidermis)?

80
Q

Synovial membrane lines what?

A

Cavities of joints

81
Q

What is the formation of scar tissue called?

82
Q

What slows the process of tissue repair?

83
Q

Example of a disorder of connective tissue that is autoimmune?

84
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in size of existing cells of a tissue

85
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in number of cells of a tissue

86
Q

What is the tissue modification called when the growth is proceeding out of control?

87
Q

What is Atrophy?

A

Shrinkage of tissue by decrease in cell number or size

88
Q

What is tissue death called?

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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