Chapter 17 A&P Flashcards
Where are special senses receptors located?
Within the head
What are the 5 special senses?
Olfaction
Gustation
Vision
Audition
Equilibrium
What is olfaction?
Smell
What is gustation?
Taste
What is vision?
Sight
What is audition?
Hearing
What is equilibrium?
Balance
What are tiny chemicals in the air that get dissolved in mucous in the nasal passageway?
Odorants
What is a decrease in sensitivity to odors referred to as?
Adaptation
What are the 4 structures in the olfaction system?
Olfactory epithelium
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
CNI
FYI: Olfactory
What are the 3 types of cells found in the olfactory epithelium?
- Olfactory receptor cells
- Supporting cells
- Basal cells
In Olfaction: Receptors in the nasal mucosa send impulses along branches of…
The olfactory (I) nerve
What are the 4 next steps of receptors in olfaction once impulses are along the branches of olfactory (I) nerve?
- Through the cribriform plate
- Synapse with the olfactory bulb
- Impulses travel along the olfactory tract
- Interpretation in the primary olfactory area in the cerebral cortex (temporal lobe)
What are the 5 primary tastes?
- Sour
- Sweet
- Bitter
- Salt
- Umami (meaty, savory)
What does taste come from?
Chemical sense from molecules
What contains the receptors for the sensation of taste?
Taste buds
How many (approx.) taste buds are found on the tongue of a young adult?
10,000
What are the epithelial cells found in the taste buds?
- Supporting cells
- Gustatory receptor cells
What is the scientific name for taste buds?
Papillae
FYI: Taste buds (papillae)
What kind of light does vision use?
Visible light
What are the accessory structures of the eyes? (5)
- Eyelids
- Eyelashes
- Eyebrows
- Lacrimal apparatus
- Extrinsic eye muscles
What controls eyelid movement?
Palpebral muscles, Levator palpebrae superioris
What is responsible for moving the eyeball itself in all directions?
Extrinsic eye muscles
What is the conjuctiva?
A thin, protective mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera
What is a fold of connective tissue that gives form to the eyelids?
Tarsal plate
The tarsal plate contains a row of (______) that keeps the eyelids from sticking to each other.
sebaceous glands
FYI: Eye structures
What produces, collects, and drains lacrimal fluid from the eye?
Lacrimal apparatus
What are the steps of the flow of tears?
- Lacrimal gland secretes tears into
- Excretory lacrimal ducts, which distribute tears over surface of the eyeball
- Superior or inferior lacrimal canaliculi drain tears into
- Lacrimal sac, which drains tears into
- Nasolacrimal duct, which drains tears into
- Nasal cavity
What are the 6 extrensic muscles of the eye?
- Superior rectus
- Inferior rectus
- Lateral rectus
- Medial rectus
- Superior oblique
- Inferior oblique
What are the 3 layers of the eyeball? (outside to inside)
Fibrous Tunic
- cornea
- sclera
Vascular Tunic
- choroid
- ciliary body
- iris
Neural layer
- retina
FYI
What is the white of the eye?
Sclera
What does the sclera do?
Provides the eye shape
What is a convex transparent structure in the fibrous tunic?
Cornea
What layer is the vascular tunic in the eye?
Middle layer
What are cells filled with pigment from melanocytes?
Choroid
What adjusts your lens?
Suspensory ligaments
What is the iris and its role?
Colored portion of the eye. Its role is controlling the size of the pupil.
What is the internal layer of the eye wall?
Retina
What do photoreceptors consist of?
Rods and Cones
Cones are for =
Color. Blue, green and red.
Rods are =
Black, White
What is termed as the “blind spot”?
Optic disc
What is the rounded, yellowish region lateral to the optic disc?
Macula lutea
Where are the fovea centralis contained?
Macula lutea
What condition is this picture portraying?
Macular Degeneration. The macula is deteriorating.
How does colorblindness happen?
It happens when you are lacking a particular cone, most commonly red/green colorblindness.
What are the 2 cavities of the eye?
Anterior and Posterior
Where is the anterior chamber?
between the iris and cornea
Where is the posterior chamber?
behind the iris and in front of the lens
What does light pass through? Out to in. (7)
- Cornea
- Anterior chamber
- Pupil
- Posterior chamber
- Lens
- Vitreous humor
- Retina
What does the lens do?
Focuses incoming light onto the retina with suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscles
What nerve plays into the ear?
CN VIII Vestibulocochlear
What is the ear divided into?
External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
What is the funnel-shaped visible part of the ear?
Auricle or Pinna
What is the bony tube extending slightly superiorly from lateral head?
External acoustic meatus/ External auditory canal
What is the partition between the external and middle ear?
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
What houses the oval window and round window?
Middle ear
What is the passage extending from middle ear into nasopharynx?
Auditory tube
FYI: Middle Ear
What are auditory ossicles?
Three smallest bones of the body. They amplify and transmit sound waves into inner ear.
What are the three auditory ossicles?
Malleus- hammer shaped
Incus- resembling an anvil
Stapes- resembles and stirrup
What is the snail like structure in the inner ear?
Cochlea
FYI:
FYI:
FYI: The steps of hearing
What are the two forms in which equilibrium exists?
Static and dynamic
What is static equilibrium?
Maintenance of the body’s position relative to the force of gravity
What is dynamic equilibrium?
The maintenance of the body’s position in response to sudden movements
What is the vestibular apparatus?
The organs that maintain equilibrium
- Saccule (otoliths)
- Utricle (otoliths)
- Semicircular canals
What is responsible for dynamic equilibrium?
the 3 semicircular canals
FYI
