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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 14 A&P > Flashcards

Chapter 14 A&P Flashcards

1
Q

What is the brain protected by? (3)

A
  1. Cranial bones
  2. Cranial meninges- Pia, Arachnoid, and Dura Mater
  3. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
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2
Q

What are the 3 cranial meninges? (inner to outer)

A

Pia Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Dura Mater

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3
Q

Which cranial meninge layer is “spider webby”?

A

Arachnoid Mater

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3
Q

Which cranial meninge layer is tough, dense irregular CT?

A

Dura Mater

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3
Q

Which cranial meninge is the innermost layer that tightly adheres to the brain?

A

Pia Mater

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4
Q

FYI

A
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5
Q

FYI

A
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5
Q

What happens in an epidural hematoma?

A

There is a pool of blood in the epidural space of the brain.

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6
Q

What happens in a subdural hematoma?

A

Hemorrhage in the subdural space.

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7
Q

What is inflammation of the meninges?

A

Meningitis

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8
Q

What are 4 symptoms of Meningitis?

A

Fever, Headache, Vomiting, Stiff Neck

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9
Q

Which has more severe symptoms? Meningitis or Bacterial meningitis?

A

Bacterial Meningitis

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10
Q

What is CSF mostly composed of?

A

Water

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11
Q

What does CSF surround?

A

Brain and Spinal cord

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12
Q

What does CSF circulate in?

A

Ventricles and subarachnoid space

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13
Q

What is the Choroid Plexus?

A

Ependymal cells and blood capillaries.

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14
Q

Where is CSF made?

A

The Choroid Plexus

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15
Q

What are 3 functions of CSF?

A
  1. Buoyancy
  2. Protection
  3. Transports nutrients and chemical messengers to the brain
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16
Q

FYI: CSF

A
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17
Q

What are brain ventricles?

A

Cavities or spaces within the brain

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18
Q

How many lateral ventricles are in the brain?

A

Two

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19
Q

What are brain ventricles lined with?

A

Ependymal Cells

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20
Q

How is the Third ventricle connected to the lateral ventricles?

A

Via the interventricular foramen

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21
Q

How does the Fourth ventricle communicate with the Third ventricle?

A

Through the cerebral aqueduct

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22
Q

The Fourth ventricle continues down the ( ) of the spinal cord or around the ( ).

A

Central canal, Brain

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23
Q

FYI: CSF Flow

A
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24
Q

FYI

A
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25
Q

The brain utilizes about ( )% of the body’s oxygen supply

A

20

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26
Q

What does the Blood-Brain Barrier do? (BBB)

A

Strictly regulates which substances enter the brain’s interstitial fluid.
Helps prevent neuron exposure to harmful substances.

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27
Q

What can cross the BBB?

A

Drugs- Cocaine, Meth
Blood waste products
Alcohol
Anesthetics
Variations in levels of normal substances

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28
Q

FYI

A
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29
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the brain?

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Brain stem
  4. Diencephalon
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30
Q

What is the cerebrum composed of?

A

Two halves- the left and right hemispheres

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31
Q

What is the deep cleft in the cerebrum called?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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32
Q

What connects the two hemispheres?

A

Corpus Callosum- white matter

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33
Q

What provides the main method of communication between hemispheres?

A

The corpus callosum

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34
Q

Which side of the body does the right hemisphere control?

A

The left side (vice versa with the right)

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35
Q

What is the cerebrum the center of?

A

Intelligence, reasoning, thought, memory, judgement, voluntary motor, visual, and auditory activities

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36
Q

FYI

A
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37
Q

What are the outer surface folds of the brain called?

A

Gyri

38
Q

What are sulci?

A

Shallow depressions in the brain

39
Q

What are the deeper grooves on the brain called?

A

Fissures

40
Q

FYI

A
41
Q

What are the two tissue areas of the brain and spinal cord?

A

Gray and White matter

42
Q

What is the order of white and gray matter on the brain out to in?

A

Gray on outside, white deep, gray deeper

43
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

44
Q

Which lobe is where you find your voluntary motor control? Also personality?

A

Frontal

45
Q

Which lobe is responsible for your general sensory functions?

A

Parietal

46
Q

Which lobe is involved with your hearing and smell?

A

Temporal

47
Q

Which lobe processes visual information and stores visual memories?

A

Occipital

48
Q

What does the parieto-occipital sulcus do?

A

Separates parietal from the occipital lobe

49
Q

What does the central sulcus separate?

A

Frontal lobe from parietal lobe

50
Q

Where is the precentral gyrus?

A

In the frontal lobe; in front of the central sulcus

51
Q

Where is the postcentral gyrus?

A

In the parietal lobe; behind the central sulcus

52
Q

What is the main site for motor function?

A

Precentral gyrus

53
Q

What is the main site for sensory function?

A

Postcentral gyrus

54
Q

What controls your skeletal muscle activity?

A

Primary motor cortex

55
Q

What is the motor homunculus?

A

A diagram that displays the distorted distribution of the motor cortex throughout the body.

56
Q

What is this (cursed image) depicting?

A

Motor homunculus

57
Q

Where is the primary sensory cortex located?

A

On the postcentral gyrus

58
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A
59
Q

What is this (even more cursed image) depicting?

A

Sensory homunculus

60
Q

2 functional areas of the cerebrum:

A
  1. Wernicke’s Area
  2. Broca’s Area
61
Q

Wernicke is for ( ). Whereas Broca is for ( ).

A

Comprehension, Speech

62
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Left hemisphere covering the parietal and temporal lobes.

63
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Left frontal lobe

64
Q

What are the components of the diencephalon? (3)

A

Epithalamus, Thalamus, and Hypothalamus

65
Q

What does the Epithalamus house?

A

Pineal gland- functions for circadian rhythm

66
Q

What are paired oval masses of gray matter?

A

The Thalamus

67
Q

What receives impulses from all conscious senses except olfaction?

A

Thalamus

68
Q

FYI

A
69
Q

FYI: Thalamus

A
70
Q

Hypo means…

A

Below

71
Q

What is the master control of the (ANS) autonomic nervous system AND of the endocrine system?

A

The Hypothalamus

72
Q

What controls emotional behavior, food intake, regulation of body temp?

A

Hypothalamus

73
Q

What is the brain stem from superior to inferior?

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata

74
Q

What is the posterior region of the midbrain?

A

Tectum or Corpora Quadrigemina

75
Q

What controls visual reflexes and tracking?

Ex. turning eyes in response to visual stimulus

A

Superior colliculi

76
Q

What controls auditory reflexes?

Ex. turning head in direction of sound

A

Inferior colliculi

77
Q

What make up the “pyramids” in the medulla oblongata?

A

Two longitudinal ridges on anterior surface

78
Q

What are the folds called in the cerebellum?

A

Folia

79
Q

What are the left and right cerebellar hemispheres separated by?

A

Primary fissure

80
Q

What is the cerebellar cortex?

A

Outer gray matter of cortex

81
Q

What is arbor vitae?

A

Internal region of white matter

82
Q

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates and “fine-tunes” skeletal muscle movements

83
Q

FYI

A
84
Q

3 system components of the limbic system:

A

Hippocampus, Amygdala body, Olfactory bulbs

85
Q

What assists in storing memories and forming long-term memory?

A

Hippocampus

86
Q

What is involved in several aspects of emotion, especially fear?

A

Amygdala body

87
Q

What processes odors that can provoke emotion?

A

Olfactory bulbs

88
Q

Which nervous system are cranial nerves a part of?

A

PNS

89
Q

Cranial Nerves 1-12 (know the Roman numerals. The ones italicized are the ones you need to know the function for.)

pneumonic device: Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Great Vegetables At Harvest

A

I. Olfactory
II. Optic
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
V. Trigeminal
VI. Abducens
VII. Facial
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XI. Accessory
XII. Hypoglossal

90
Q

Which cranial nerve helps you smell?

A

I. Olfactory nerve

91
Q

Which cranial nerve is for your vision?

A

II. Optic nerve

92
Q

Which cranial nerve helps you chew? What are 3 sensory surfaces in relation to this nerve?

A

V. Trigeminal nerve.

  1. Scalp
  2. Face
  3. Oral cavity
93
Q

What nerve provides taste anterior tongue and muscles of facial expression?

A

VII. Facial nerve

94
Q

What nerve is the longest traversing neuron of the cranial nerves?

A

X. Vagus nerve

95
Q

What does the Vagus nerve provide?

A

Visceral sensory from heart, lungs, and abdominal organs.

96
Q

FYI: Cranial Nerves

A

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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