Chapter 3 A&P Flashcards
What are the major subdivisions of the cell?
- Plasma (cell) membrane
- Cytoplasm
What is cytoplasm?
The fluid portion of the cell interior not occupied by the nucleus
What is the cytoskeleton, and what does it do?
It is the cell skeleton made of protein fibers and tubes within the cell to give shape and movement
What is cytosol?
The cell liquid only
In what orientation do Centrosomes lay?
Perpendicular (T)
What is contained in a Centrosome?
Cylindrical centrioles
What is best known for function in cell division?
Centrosomes
What’s the purpose of the mitotic spindle?
To pull apart chromosomes in the process of Mitosis
What are Cilia?
Numerous, short, hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell
What organelle displays an oarlike pattern of beating?
Cilia
What are Flagella?
Long tails that move the entire cell
How does the tail size differ between Cilia and Flagella?
Cilia are short/hairlike
Flagella are similar to Cilia, but much longer
Only example of Flagella in the human body is…
Sperm cell’s tail
How many types of ER are there and what are they?
- Rough ER (RER)
- Smooth ER (SER)
What is the abbreviation “ER” stand for?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Which ER has ribosomes?
RER
Which ER synthesizes protein?
RER
Which ER synthesizes fatty acids and steroids?
SER
What do ribosomes contain?
Protein and RNA
Ribosomes are made within the…
Nucleolus
What kind of ribosomes are suspended in cytosol?
Free ribosomes
What are the ribosomes called that are attached to the external surface of the RER membrane?
Bound ribosomes
What is the site of protein synthesis?
A ribosome
What is the Golgi Apparatus often compared to?
A post office
What does the Golgi Apparatus do?
- Modification
- Packaging
- Protein sorting
What does the Golgi Apparatus form?
- Secretory vesicles
- Lysosomes
What do lysosomes do?
Clean up
What kind of enzymes do lysosomes contain?
Digestive
How do lysosomes digest unneeded substances?
Autophagy (self-eating)
What uses oxygen to break down organic substances?
Peroxisomes
What do Peroxisomes produce?
Hydrogen Peroxide
What do Peroxisomes do?
Oxidize other substances
What engages in aerobic cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
What does the mitochondria synthesize?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
What is known as the cell’s “control center”?
The nucleus
True or false: The nucleus is the largest structure in the cell
True
What is the nucleolus composed of?
Protein and RNA
What does the nucleolus produce?
Ribosomes
What is the purpose of the nuclear envelope?
It is to separate the cytoplasm from fluid within the nucleus
What are nuclear pores?
Channel-like open passageways in the nuclear envelope
What are hereditary units?
Genes
Where are genes arranged?
In chromosomes
Gene expression =
Protein synthesis
What does DNA form in the nucleus and through what process?
Hint: Like Russian to Latin
RNA, Transcription
What does RNA form into in cytoplasm, and through what process?
Hint: Like Latin to English
Protein, Translation
What is cell division necessary for?
- Development
- Tissue growth
- Replacement of old cells
- Tissue repair
What are the two types of cell division?
Mitosis (somatic cells)
Meiosis (sex cells)
What are the phases? (In order)
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase/Cytokinesis (then goes back to interphase)
In which phase does chromatin condense into chromosomes?
Prophase
What happens in metaphase?
Centromeres of chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate (in the middle)
In which phase does a new nuclear membrane form?
Telophase/Cytokinesis
In Telophase, what dissolves?
Mitotic spindles
Chromosomes regain their chromatin appearance in which phase?
Telophase/Cytokinesis
What happens in cytokinesis?
Cleavage furrow forms and eventually the cytoplasm of the parent cell fully splits
What happens after cytokinesis?
Interphase begins again
How many possible destinies do cells have?
3
- Remain alive and function without dividing
- Grow and divide
- Die
When does cancer occur?
When there is abnormal or uncontrolled cell division
What happens when cell growth causes excess tissue?
Tumors (neoplasm)
Cancerous =
Malignant
Non-cancerous =
Benign
What is the proper term for “cell death”?
Apoptosis
