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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 3 A&P > Flashcards

Chapter 3 A&P Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major subdivisions of the cell?

A
  • Plasma (cell) membrane
  • Cytoplasm
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2
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

The fluid portion of the cell interior not occupied by the nucleus

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3
Q

What is the cytoskeleton, and what does it do?

A

It is the cell skeleton made of protein fibers and tubes within the cell to give shape and movement

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4
Q

What is cytosol?

A

The cell liquid only

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5
Q

In what orientation do Centrosomes lay?

A

Perpendicular (T)

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6
Q

What is contained in a Centrosome?

A

Cylindrical centrioles

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7
Q

What is best known for function in cell division?

A

Centrosomes

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8
Q

What’s the purpose of the mitotic spindle?

A

To pull apart chromosomes in the process of Mitosis

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9
Q

What are Cilia?

A

Numerous, short, hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell

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10
Q

What organelle displays an oarlike pattern of beating?

A

Cilia

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11
Q

What are Flagella?

A

Long tails that move the entire cell

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12
Q

How does the tail size differ between Cilia and Flagella?

A

Cilia are short/hairlike

Flagella are similar to Cilia, but much longer

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13
Q

Only example of Flagella in the human body is…

A

Sperm cell’s tail

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14
Q

How many types of ER are there and what are they?

A
  1. Rough ER (RER)
  2. Smooth ER (SER)
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14
Q

What is the abbreviation “ER” stand for?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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15
Q

Which ER has ribosomes?

A

RER

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16
Q

Which ER synthesizes protein?

A

RER

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17
Q

Which ER synthesizes fatty acids and steroids?

A

SER

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18
Q

What do ribosomes contain?

A

Protein and RNA

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19
Q

Ribosomes are made within the…

A

Nucleolus

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20
Q

What kind of ribosomes are suspended in cytosol?

A

Free ribosomes

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21
Q

What are the ribosomes called that are attached to the external surface of the RER membrane?

A

Bound ribosomes

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22
Q

What is the site of protein synthesis?

A

A ribosome

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23
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus often compared to?

A

A post office

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24
Q

What does the Golgi Apparatus do?

A
  • Modification
  • Packaging
  • Protein sorting
25
Q

What does the Golgi Apparatus form?

A
  • Secretory vesicles
  • Lysosomes
26
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Clean up

27
Q

What kind of enzymes do lysosomes contain?

A

Digestive

28
Q

How do lysosomes digest unneeded substances?

A

Autophagy (self-eating)

29
Q

What uses oxygen to break down organic substances?

A

Peroxisomes

30
Q

What do Peroxisomes produce?

A

Hydrogen Peroxide

31
Q

What do Peroxisomes do?

A

Oxidize other substances

32
Q

What engages in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

Mitochondria

33
Q

What does the mitochondria synthesize?

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

34
Q

What is known as the cell’s “control center”?

A

The nucleus

35
Q

True or false: The nucleus is the largest structure in the cell

A

True

36
Q

What is the nucleolus composed of?

A

Protein and RNA

37
Q

What does the nucleolus produce?

A

Ribosomes

38
Q

What is the purpose of the nuclear envelope?

A

It is to separate the cytoplasm from fluid within the nucleus

39
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

Channel-like open passageways in the nuclear envelope

40
Q

What are hereditary units?

A

Genes

41
Q

Where are genes arranged?

A

In chromosomes

42
Q

Gene expression =

A

Protein synthesis

43
Q

What does DNA form in the nucleus and through what process?

Hint: Like Russian to Latin

A

RNA, Transcription

44
Q

What does RNA form into in cytoplasm, and through what process?

Hint: Like Latin to English

A

Protein, Translation

45
Q

What is cell division necessary for?

A
  • Development
  • Tissue growth
  • Replacement of old cells
  • Tissue repair
46
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A

Mitosis (somatic cells)
Meiosis (sex cells)

47
Q

What are the phases? (In order)

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase/Cytokinesis (then goes back to interphase)

48
Q

In which phase does chromatin condense into chromosomes?

A

Prophase

49
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Centromeres of chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate (in the middle)

50
Q

In which phase does a new nuclear membrane form?

A

Telophase/Cytokinesis

51
Q

In Telophase, what dissolves?

A

Mitotic spindles

52
Q

Chromosomes regain their chromatin appearance in which phase?

A

Telophase/Cytokinesis

53
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

Cleavage furrow forms and eventually the cytoplasm of the parent cell fully splits

54
Q

What happens after cytokinesis?

A

Interphase begins again

55
Q

How many possible destinies do cells have?

A

3

  1. Remain alive and function without dividing
  2. Grow and divide
  3. Die
56
Q

When does cancer occur?

A

When there is abnormal or uncontrolled cell division

57
Q

What happens when cell growth causes excess tissue?

A

Tumors (neoplasm)

58
Q

Cancerous =

A

Malignant

59
Q

Non-cancerous =

A

Benign

60
Q

What is the proper term for “cell death”?

A

Apoptosis

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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