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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 12 A&P > Flashcards

Chapter 12 A&P Flashcards

1
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

Primary communication and control system.

-Collects info
-Processes and evaluates info
-Initiates response to information

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2
Q

How does the nervous system collect information?

A

Through receptors

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3
Q

What does stimuli do?

A

Monitor changes in external and internal environment

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4
Q

What are the nerves called that initiate responses?

A

Effectors

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5
Q

What are three effectors?

A

Muscle tissue
Nerves
Glands

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6
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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7
Q

Which division of nervous system are the brain and spinal cord a part of?

A

CNS (central nervous system)

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8
Q

What is part of the PNS? (peripheral nervous system)

A
  • Spinal nerves
  • Cranial nerves
  • Ganglia
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9
Q

What are the two main divisions of the PNS?

A

Sensory (Afferent)
Motor (Efferent)

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10
Q

What are the two main divisions of the Motor (Efferent) nervous system?

A
  • Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
  • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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11
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the ANS? (Autonomic Nervous System)

A
  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
  • Enteric
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12
Q

What does the word “enteric” ALWAYS refer to?

A

Digestive organs

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13
Q

What does “soma” mean?

A

Body

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14
Q

Which sensory do we consciously perceive?

A

Somatic Sensory
(eyes, ears, nose, skin, etc)

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15
Q

Which sensory do we NOT consciously perceive?

A

Visceral Sensory
(Blood vessels, internal organs)

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16
Q

What does “visceral” mean?

A

Organs

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17
Q

What does “motor” mean?

A

Movement

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18
Q

Which motor refers to the voluntary skeletal muscle control?

A

Somatic motor

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19
Q

Which motor innervates/regulates cardiac and smooth muscle, and glands without conscious control?

A

Autonomic motor

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20
Q

What does “afferent” mean?

A

It is always sending messages towards the CNS.

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21
Q

What does “efferent” mean?

A

It is always sending messages away from the CNS.

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22
Q

What are the two cell types in the nervous tissue?

A

Neurons and Glial cells

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23
Q

What do Glial cells do?

A

Support and protect neurons

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24
Q

What cells in the nervous tissues DO NOT send any messages?

A

Glial Cells

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25
Q

Which cells are excitable and transmit electrical signals?

A

Neurons

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26
Q

What is the receiving portion of the neuron? (short processes)

A

Dendrites

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27
Q

What is the single long process on the dendrite?

A

Axon

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28
Q

What is the long process called on the axon?

A

Axon Hillock

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29
Q

What gives rise to side branches in the axon?

A

Axon collaterals

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30
Q

What do axon collaterals divide into?

A

Axon terminals

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31
Q

What do axon terminals turn into at the end?

A

Synaptic end bulbs / Synaptic knobs

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32
Q

What do Synaptic end bulbs/knobs contain?

A

Numerous synaptic vesicles

33
Q

What do synaptic vesicles contain?

A

The neurotransmitter

34
Q

Do neurons touch any other structures?

A

No

35
Q

FYI Neuron

A
36
Q

FYI

A
37
Q

What do the interneurons do? (association neurons)

What does inter mean?

A

Facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons
(This makes up 99% of your neurons!)

38
Q

Very important to know!

A
39
Q

What are most of the nervous system cells?

A

Glial Cells

40
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Starlike shape from surface projections

41
Q

What is the “star-cell?”

A

Astrocytes
(star)(cell)

42
Q

What is the BBB?

A

Blood Brain Barrier
-this controls the movement of substances exiting blood and entering the nervous tissue

43
Q

Where do Ependymal cells line?

A

Internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord.

44
Q

Which cell helps produce cerebrospinal fluid? (CSF)

A

Ependymal cells

45
Q

What acts as the vacuum cleaner?

A

Microglia- it removes debris from dead or damaged tissue

46
Q

What forms the myelin sheath by repeatedly wrapping around an axon?

A

Oligodendrocytes

47
Q

What allows for faster action potential propagation through CNS?

A

Myelin Sheath

48
Q

FYI

A
49
Q

What do satellite cells do?

A

Regulate the exchange of nutrients and waste products.

50
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Ensheathe PNS axons to form myelin sheath

51
Q

FYI- Myelination

A
52
Q

What is myelination?

A

Process by which part of an axon wrapped in myelin.

53
Q

What kind of matter does myelin create?

A

White Matter

54
Q

What are the gaps between myelin called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

55
Q

FYI- White vs Grey Matter

A
56
Q

What does “saltare” mean?

A

To jump

57
Q

What happens in Saltatory Conduction?

A

Nerve signal jumps from node of ranvier to node of ranvier

58
Q

What two things cause a faster nerve signal?

A
  • Larger diameter of the axon
  • Myelination of the axon
59
Q

FYI

A
60
Q

What are four facts about Action Potential?

A
  • Occurs in a nerve
  • AKA Nerve Impulse
  • Very fast
  • Electrochemical communication by neurons
61
Q

FYI: Details of Action Potential (Drawn by Jenna, YT video Ch 12, Time stamp: 43:18)

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L3jiWrdsZJg

62
Q

What does RMP mean?

A

Resting Membrane Potential

63
Q

Ion within the nerve:

A

Potassium (K+)

64
Q

Ion outside the nerve:

A

Sodium (Na+)

65
Q

FYI

A
66
Q

Action potentials can only occur if the membrane potential…

A

reaches threshold

67
Q

The 5 steps of Action Potential
Very important, memorize these steps

A
  1. Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
  2. Depolarization
  3. Repolarization
  4. Hyperpolarization
  5. Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
68
Q

What step is the neuron at rest?

A

RMP
-70mV

69
Q

What happens in depolarization?

A

Inside of the cell becomes more positive.
- From -70 mV to +30 mV
- Na+ gates open
- K+ gates closed

70
Q

What happens in repolarization?

A

Movement of K+ out of neuron due to K+ gates open
- Na+ gates closed
- Return to RMP (-70 mV)

71
Q

What happens in hyperpolarization?

A

K+ gates are open longer than time needed to reestablish RMP
- Na+ still closed
- Inside of neuron briefly more negative than RMP

72
Q

What do synaptic vesicles release?

A

Neurotransmitters

73
Q

Calcium binds to synaptic…

A

Vesicles

74
Q

FYI: Synaptic Messages

A
75
Q

What are the two different postsynaptic potentials?

A

Excitatory (EPSP)
Inhibitory (IPSP)

76
Q

Which PSP (postsynaptic potential) is hyperpolarizing?

A

Inhibitory

77
Q

Which PSP (postsynaptic potential) is depolarizing?

A

Depolarizing

78
Q

FYI: Summation

A
79
Q

FYI:

A

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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