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Neuroanatomy > Chapter 36: Limbic System > Flashcards

Chapter 36: Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

Much of the brain is involved in receiving and interpreting information. Slightly more of the brain is involved in producing motor behavior. A significant part of the brain does neither. The limbic system is the parts of the brain concerned with thoughts, memories, emotions, and internal homeostasis. The limbic system is neither a _____ system nor a _____ system.

A
  • Sensory

- Motor

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2
Q

Internal homeostasis is regulated by the _____ which makes one’s autonomic nervous activity match one’s _____ state.

A
  • Hypothalamus

- Emotional

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3
Q

The mammillary bodies of the _____ receive information about one’s surroundings from the hippocampal formation via the postcommissural branch of the _____.

A
  • Hypothalamus

- Fornix

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4
Q

The precommissural branch of the fornix goes to the septal nuclei which project to the hypothalamus via the medial forebrain bundle. Thus the _____ nuclei and the _____ bundle are an indirect path from the _____ formation to the _____.

A
  • Septal
  • Medial forebrain
  • Hippocampus
  • Hypothalamus
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5
Q

The rostral extension of the medial forebrain bundle establishes two-way communication between the prefrontal cortex and the septal nuclei while the more posterior part of the medial forebrain bundle connects the _____ nuclei with the _____.

A
  • Septal

- Medial forebrain bundle

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6
Q

Thus the medial forebrain bundle establishes reciprocal connections among the _____ cortex, the _____ nuclei, and the _____.

A
  • Prefrontal
  • Septal
  • Hypothalamus
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7
Q

The septal nuclei send information to the hypothalamus in the posterior projection of the _____ and to the prefrontal cortex in the rostral projection of the _____.

A
  • Medial forebrain bundle

- Medial forebrain bundle

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8
Q

Our thoughts and our most lasting feelings are mostly in the prefrontal _____, Brodmann’s areas _____, _____, and _____.

A
  • Cortex

- 9, 10, 11

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9
Q

The feelings in the _____ influence and are influenced by emotions in
the _____ nuclei and the _____ via the _____.

A
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • Septal
  • Hypothalamus
  • Medial forebrain bundle
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10
Q

The ventral midbrain reticular formation influences and is influenced by _____ in the prefrontal cortex and _____ in the septal nuclei and _____ via the caudal extension of the medial forebrain bundle.

A
  • Feelings
  • Emotions
  • Hypothalamus
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11
Q

Thus the prefrontal cortex, septal nuclei, hypothalamus, and ventral midbrain reticular formation are interconnected by the _____.

A
  • Medial forebrain bundle
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12
Q

The ventral midbrain reticular formation also receives input from the habenulae via the habenulointerpeduncular tract. Since the septal nuclei project to the habenulae via the stria medullaris, the pathway through the _____ is an indirect projection of the _____ nuclei to the _____.

A
  • Habenulae
  • Septal
  • Midbrain reticular formation
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13
Q

Since the ventral midbrain reticular formation projects to the septal nuclei via the caudal extension of the _____, there is a complete circuit through the septal nuclei, the _____, and the _____ back to the septal nuclei which link this circuit to the _____ cortex.

A
  • Medial forebrain bundle
  • Habenula
  • Medial forebrain bundle
  • Prefrontal
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14
Q

The postcommissural branch of the fornix is part of the Papez circuit from the _____ to the _____ bodies of the _____ and from the _____ bodies to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus.

A
  • Hippocampal
  • Habenula
  • Medial forebrain bundle
  • Prefrontal
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15
Q

The anterior nucleus of the _____ projects to the cingulate gyrus which completes the _____ circuit by projecting to the _____ via the cingulum and parahippocampal gyrus.

A
  • Thalamus
  • Papez
  • Hippocampal formation
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16
Q

Like most other parts of the limbic system, the Papez circuit is concerned with _____.

A
  • Emotions
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17
Q

Since the Papez circuit is also concerned with the encoding of long-term memory of events, it places episodic memory in an _____ context.

A
  • Emotional
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18
Q

Bilateral destruction of the fornices or hippocampal formations causes total anterograde amnesia, the inability to form new _____ of events.

A
  • Memories
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19
Q

Episodic memory is the _____ of an _____.

A
  • Memory

- Event

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20
Q

The hippocampal formation is indispensible in the formation of new _____ memories.

A
  • Episodic
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21
Q

Since procedural memory depends on the inferior olivary nucleus, cerebellum, and ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus, _____ memory does not depend on the _____.

A
  • Procedural

- Hippocampal formation (limbic sysstem)

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22
Q

The hippocampal formation projects to the mammillary bodies via the _____ branch of the _____, and the mammillary bodies project to the _____ of the _____ via the mammillothalamic tract.

A
  • Postcommisural
  • Fornix
  • Anterior nucleus
  • Thalamus
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23
Q

The hippocampal formation generates a signal for the conversion of an experience to an
_____ memory.

A
  • Episodic
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24
Q

The signal for converting an experience to an _____ goes from the hippocampal formation to the _____ via the postcommissural fornix.

A
  • Episodic memory

- Mammillary body

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25
Q

The memorization signal must be regenerated in the mammillary body and projected to the
_____ of the _____.

A
  • Anterior nucleus

- Thalamus

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26
Q

The anterior nucleus of the thalamus projects to the _____ via the anterior limb of the internal capsule which is called the anterior thalamic peduncle.

A
  • Cingulate gyrus
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27
Q

The anterior nucleus of the thalamus must also regenerate the memorization signal and project it to the cingulate gyrus via the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Anterior limb

- Internal capsule

28
Q

The cingulate gyrus projects to the _____ and to the rest of the cerebral cortex.

A
  • Hippocampal formation
29
Q

Neurons in the _____ project the memorization signal to the cortical neurons that originally responded to the event.

A
  • Cingulate gyrus
30
Q

The cortical neurons that originally responded to the event respond to the memorization signal from the _____ by strengthening the synapses in the pathway traced by the event.

A
  • Cingulate gyrus
31
Q

Although the memorization signal originates from the _____ and is relayed through the _____ and the _____ of the _____ and the _____ gyrus, the storage of an episodic memory takes place in the cortical area that experienced the event.

A
  • Hippocampal formation
  • Mammillary body
  • Anterior nucleus
  • Thalamus
  • Cingulate
32
Q

An episodic memory is stored by strengthening the _____ among the cortical neurons that were depolarized by the event.

A
  • Synapses
33
Q

The pathway from the septal nuclei to the amygdala via the ventral amygdalofugal pathway and back to the _____ nuclei via the stria terminalis is the third great circuit of the limbic _____.

A
  • Septal

- System

34
Q

The ventral amygdalofugal pathway is bidirectional, carrying messages from the amygdala to the septal nuclei and from the _____ to the _____.

A
  • Septal nuclei

- Amygdala

35
Q

There are two paths between the amygdala and the septal nuclei, a bidirectional path through the _____ and a unidirectional path through the stria terminalis.

A
  • Ventrl anygdalofugal pathway
36
Q

The stria terminalis is a small tract that shares the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle with the _____.

A
  • Caudate nucleus
37
Q

The stria terminalis follows the curve of the _____.

A
  • Caudate nucleus (lateral ventricle)
38
Q

The stria terminalis is inferior to the head and body of the _____ and medial to the tail of the caudate nucleus.

A
  • Caudate nucleus
39
Q

Neurons embedded in the stria terminalis are called the bed nucleus of the _____ terminalis.

A
  • Stria
40
Q

The stria terminalis carries messages from the _____ to the neurons in the bed nucleus of the _____ and from the _____ of the stria terminalis to the _____ nuclei.

A
  • Amygdala
  • Stria terminalis
  • Bed nucleus
  • Septal
41
Q

The amygdala reacts to input from the _____, olfactory bulb, and ventromedial and ventrolateral nuclei of the hypothalamus.

A
  • Septal nuclei
42
Q

The integration of information about appetite from the _____ and _____ nuclei of the _____ with _____ cues from the olfactory bulb helps the amygdala decide whether or not something is _____.

A
  • Ventromedial
  • Ventrolateral
  • Hypothalamus
  • Olfactory
  • Edible
43
Q

The amygdala is just above and a little beyond the anterior tip of the hippocampal formation. This proximity permits strong reciprocal connections between the _____ and the _____.

A
  • Amygdala

- Hippocampal formation

44
Q

The connection with the hippocampal formation allows the amygdala to incorporate _____ of the taste of past meals and past events of food poisoning into the decision of whether or not something is _____.

A
  • Episodic memories
45
Q

The amygdala’s decision reaches the orbital cortex via the ventral amygdalofugal pathway, _____, and _____. The final decision about whether or not to eat is influenced by the level of trust the _____ has in the source of the potential food.

A
  • Septal nuclei
  • Medial forebrain bundle
  • Prefrontal cortex (orbital cortex)
46
Q

The amygdala also receives _____ of past non-food joys and terrors from the _____.

A
  • Episodic memories

- Cerebral cortex

47
Q

Olfactory cues from the _____ and visual cues from area 20 in the _____ gyrus influence the amygdala’s choice of a mate which is projected to the 3rd _____ nucleus of the _____ hypothalamus and the prefrontal cortex.

A
  • Olfactory cortex
  • Inferior temporal
  • Interstitial nucleus
  • Anterior
48
Q

The amygdala’s mating preference may be vetoed by either the _____ cortex or the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Prefrontal
  • third anterior interstitial nucleus
  • Hypothalamus
49
Q

The amygdala also remembers things that hurt, threatened, or embarrassed one. The amygdala projects anxiety to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis via the _____.

A
  • Stria

- Terminalis

50
Q

Both the parts of the amygdala responding to the threat and the conditioning of the _____ of the _____ determine whether the reaction to anxiety is fear or rage.

A
  • Bed
  • Nucleus
  • Stria terminalis
51
Q

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis completes the projection to the _____ via the _____.

A
  • Septal nuclei

- Stria terminalis

52
Q

Projections of the septal nucleus to the prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus via the _____ produce a fight-or-flight decision in the preforntal cortex and a matching visceral reaction mediated by the _____.

A
  • Medial forebrain bundle

- Hypothalamus

53
Q

In summary: the central axis of the limbic system is the _____ which connects the _____, _____, _____, and the _____ formation of the _____.

A
  • Medial forebrain bundle
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • Septal nuclei
  • Hypothalamus
  • Ventral reticular
  • Midbrian
54
Q

Some of the connnections of the ventral reticular formation of the midbrain and septal nuclei via the medial forebrain bundle are made into an evalution circuit by the stria medullaris, _____ and _____.

A
  • Habenula

- Habenulointerpeduncular tract

55
Q

As its name implies, the habenulointerpeduncular tract goes from the _____ to the _____ nucleus in the ventral midbrain reticular formation.

A
  • Habenula

- Interpeduncular

56
Q

The interpeduncular nucleus lies in the midline of the _____, just posterior to the _____ fossa.

A
  • Midbrain

- Interpeduncular

57
Q

The interpeduncular nucleus is in the ventral _____ formation of the _____.

A
  • Reticular

- Midbrain

58
Q

The interpeduncular nucleus receives a stimulatory or inhibitory message from the _____.

A
  • Habenula
59
Q

The interpeduncular nucleus responds to stimulatory messages from the _____ by sending a rewarding stimulus to the nucleus accumbens at the inferior end of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle.

A
  • Habenula
60
Q

The nucleus accumbens, leaning against the septal nuclei at the inferior end of the anterior horn of the _____ is the reward center of the brain.

A
  • Lateral ventricle
61
Q

The _____ receives rewarding input from the _____ via the medial forebrain bundle which also connects the interpeduncular nucleus with the septal nuclei.

A
  • Nucleus accumbens

- Interpeduncular nucleus

62
Q

The _____ nuclei are the central connection in the circuit through the stria medullaris, the habenula, the habenulointerpeduncular tract, interpeduncular nucleus, and the _____.

A
  • Septal

- Medial forebrain bundle

63
Q

Episodic memories are selected and reinforced for storage by a circuit through the entorhinal cortices, _____, mammillary bodies, _____ of the _____, and _____ gyrus.

A
  • Hippocampal formation
  • Anterior nucleus
  • Thalamus
64
Q

Fear and aggression are mediated by a circuit involving the _____, _____, and _____.

A
  • Septla nuclei
  • Amygdala
  • Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
65
Q

Reward and disappointment are mediated by a pathway from the septal nuclei through the _____ to the _____, from the _____ to the _____ nucleus, and from the _____ nucleus to the _____.

A
  • Stria medullaris
  • Habenula
  • Habenula
  • Interpeduncular
  • Interpeduncular
  • Septal nuclei

Neuroanatomy (21 decks)

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