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Neuroanatomy > Chapter 29: Midbrain > Flashcards

Chapter 29: Midbrain Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomically and physiologically, the midbrain lies between the forebrain and the _____.

A
  • Pons
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2
Q

The most obvious feature of the midbrain is the narrow cerebral aqueduct connecting the _____ and _____ ventricles.

A
  • Third

- Fourth

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3
Q

The periaqueductal gray is a region of gray matter surrounding the _____.

A
  • Cerebral aqueduct
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4
Q

The mesencephalic tract of the ______ nerve continues into the midbrain in the lateral edge of the periaqueductal gray.

A
  • Trigeminal
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5
Q

Tectum is Latin for roof. Thus the region dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct is called the _____ of the midbrain.

A
  • Tectum
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6
Q

The roof of the fourth ventricle is the _____, but the roof of the cerebral aqueduct is the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Tectum
  • Midbrain
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7
Q

The midbrain _____ is dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct and the periaqueductal gray and also dorsal to the lateral parts of the midbrain tegmentum.

A
  • Tectum
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8
Q

The midbrain _____ lies partially lateral and mostly ventral to the periaqueductal gray.

A
  • Tegmentum
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9
Q

The _____ of the pons is ventral to the fourth ventricle, but the _____ of the midbrain is ventral to the periaqueductal gray.

A
  • Tegmentum

- Tegmentum

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10
Q

Just as the pontine nuclei and corticospinal fibers form the _____ of the pons, the substantia nigra and the corticospinal tracts form the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain.

A
  • Base
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11
Q

The gray matter of the substantia nigra and the white matter of a corticospinal tract make up the _____ of the midbrain.

A
  • Cerebral peduncles
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12
Q

The heavily myelinated corticospinal tracts form the ventral (or anterior) 2/3 of the _____ of the midbrain.

A
  • Cerebral peduncles
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13
Q

The _____ in the midbrain was once called the basis pedunculi, but the official term is now crus cerebri.

A
  • Corticospinal tract
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14
Q

The white matter of the _____ is separated from the tegmentum of the midbrain by the gray matter of the substantia nigra.

A
  • Crus cerebri
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15
Q

The substantia nigra is a band of gray matter between the _____ and the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Crus cerebri
  • Tegmentum
  • Midbrain
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16
Q

The substantia nigra is ventral to the _____ of the _____ and dorsal to the _____.

A
  • Tegmentum
  • Midbrain
  • Crus cerebri
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17
Q

The band of gray matter between the crus cerebri and the midbrain tegmentum is the _____.

A
  • Substantia nigra
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18
Q

The right side of the cerebellum projects to the _____ side of the midbrain and thalamus through the _____.

A
  • Left

- Superior cerebellar peduncles

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19
Q

The superior cerebellar peduncles cross ventral to the periaqueductal gray in the _____ of the lower midbrain.

A
  • Tegmentum
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20
Q

Just as the crossing of the internal arcuate fibers to form the medial lemniscus is called the _____ of the medial lemniscus, the crossing of the superior cerebellar peduncles is called the _____ of the superior cerebellar peduncles.

A
  • Decussation

- Decussation

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21
Q

The center of the tegmentum of the lower midbrain is occupied by the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Decussation

- Superior cerebellar peduncles

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22
Q

Most neurologists keep the name “superior cerebellar peduncles” for these tracts in the upper midbrain beyond their _____.

A
  • Decussation
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23
Q

Half of the fibers in each superior cerebellar peduncle synapse in the red nucleus of the upper midbrain after crossing in the _____.

A
  • Lower midbrain
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24
Q

Each side of the cerebellum projects to the _____ red nucleus via the superior cerebellar peduncle.

A
  • Contralateral (opposite)
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25
Q

Half of the projections of each side of the cerebellum are to the contralateral _____.

A
  • Red nucleus
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26
Q

The midbrain tectum is divided into 4 small hills which are called colliculi because the Latin word for small hills is _____.

A
  • Colliculi
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27
Q

The 2 inferior colliculi form the _____ of the lower midbrain, and the 2 superior colliculi form the _____ of the upper midbrain.

A
  • Tectum

- Tectum

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28
Q

Each of the inferior colliculi of the _____ contains a large mass of gray matter called the nucleus of the inferior colliculus.

A
  • Lower midbrain
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29
Q

The nucleus of the inferior colliculus receives auditory information from the ipsilateral _____ via the lateral lemniscus.

A
  • Superior olivary nucleus
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30
Q

Some projections of the superior olivary nucleus synapse in the ipsilateral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus which relays the information to the nucleus of both inferior colliculi via the _____.

A
  • Lateral lemniscus
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31
Q

Upward projections of the superior olivary nucleus are _____, but projections of the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus are _____l.

A
  • Ipsilateral

- Bilateral

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32
Q

The nucleus of the superior colliculus receives direct input from the ipsilateral _____ and both _____.

A
  • Superior olivary nucleus

- Nuclei of the lateral lemnisci

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33
Q

A relay in the _____ allows information from the contralateral _____ to reach the nucleus of the superior colliculus.

A
  • Nucleus of the lateral lemniscus

- Superior olivary nucleus

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34
Q

Each ______ of the _____ colliculus also receives auditory information directly from the contralateral anterior and posterior cochlear nuclei via the lateral lemniscus.

A
  • Nucleus

- Inferior

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35
Q

The nucleus of the inferior colliculus receives direct input from the _____ superior olivary nucleus, the _____ anterior cochlear nucleus, the _____ posterior cochlear nucleus, and _____ of the lateral lemniscus.

A
  • Ipsilateral
  • Contralateral
  • Contralateral
  • Both nuclei
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36
Q

All upward auditory projections reach the nucleus of the inferior colliculus via the _____.

A
  • Lateral lemniscus
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37
Q

The nucleus of the inferior colliculus receives auditory information directly from the _____ cochlear nuclei and indirectly from both cochlear nuclei.

A
  • Contralateral
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38
Q

Connections between right and left nuclei at the same level are called _____.

A
  • Commissures
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39
Q

The nuclei of the inferior colliculi are connected to each other by the _____ of the inferior colliculi.

A
  • Commissures
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40
Q

The nucleus of the inferior colliculus receives auditory information from _____ and relays it to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

A
  • Both ears
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41
Q

The inferior colliculus projects to the _____ of the _____ via the brachium of the inferior colliculus.

A
  • Medial geniculate nucleus

- Thalamus

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42
Q

The medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus receives information from the _____ of the _____ via the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Nucleus
  • Inferior colliculus
  • Brachium
  • Inferior colliculus
43
Q

The trochlear nerve is the only _____ nerve of the lower midbrain.

44
Q

The lower motor neurons in the trochlear nucleus of the lower midbrain project to the superior oblique muscle via the _____ nerve.

45
Q

The trochlear nuclei lie just ventral to the periaqueductal gray of the _____.

A
  • Lower midbrain
46
Q

The trochlear nuclei lie near the midline of the _____ of the lower midbrain.

47
Q

In myelin-stained sections the trochlear nuclei look like pale gray circles cut into the medial longitudinal fasciculus which is jet black because it is _____.

A
  • Heavily myelinated
48
Q

The heavily-myelinated tract ventral to the trochlear nuclei is the _____.

A
  • Medial longitudinal fasciculus
49
Q

The trochlear nerves run dorsal around the periaqueductal gray and exit the _____ surface of the lower midbrain and exit on the caudal (inferior) side of the inferior colliculi.

50
Q

The trochlear nerves are the only cranial nerves to exit the _____ surface of the brainstem.

51
Q

Each trochlear nerve makes a semicircle around the ipsilateral side of the _____ to reach the _____ surface of the tectum of the _____.

A
  • Periaqueductal gray
  • Dorsal
  • Lower midbrain
52
Q

The trochlear nerves cross just above the commissure of the inferior colliculi so that the right _____ is the source of the _____ trochlear nerve, and the left trochlear nucleus is the source of the _____ trochlear nerve.

A
  • Trochlear nucleus
  • Left
  • Right
53
Q

The only cranial nerves that cross are the _____ which cross between the _____.

A
  • Trochlear nerves

- Inferior colliculi

54
Q

The trochlear nerve innervates the _____ muscle which turns the eyeball so that the pupil points down and out.

A
  • Superior oblique
55
Q

The right trochlear nerve is made up of axons of lower motor neurons in the _____.

A
  • Left trochlear

- Nucleus

56
Q

The trochlear nuclei are just ventral to the periaqueductal gray of the _____, and the oculomotor nuclei are just ventral to the periaqueductal gray of the upper midbrain.

A
  • Lower midbrain
57
Q

The oculomotor nuclei flank the midline of the _____.

A
  • Upper midbrain
58
Q

Each oculomotor nucleus is the source of an _____.

A
  • Oculomotor nerve
59
Q

Since the abducens nerve innervates the_____, and the trochlear nerve innervates the _____, the oculomotor nerve must innervate remaining extrinsic muscles of the eye.

A
  • Lateral rectus

- Superior oblique

60
Q

The superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique are innervated by the _____.

A
  • Oculomotor nerve
61
Q

The lower motor neurons for the superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique are in the _____ in the _____.

A
  • Oculomotor nucleus

- Upper midbrain

62
Q

The oculomotor nucleus is just lateral to the _____ of the _____ of the upper midbrain.

A
  • Midline

- Tegmentum

63
Q

The medial longitudinal fasciculi are a pair of heavily myelinated _____ matter tracts stretching from the lower forebrain to the sacral cord.

64
Q

The medial longitudinal fasciculi are on the ventral side of the _____ in the lower midbrain and on the lateral sides of the oculomotor nuclei in the upper midbrain.

A
  • Trochlear nuclei
65
Q

Since there is no space between the oculomotor nuclei, the medial longitudinal fasciculi are just _____ to the oculomotor nuclei in the _____.

A
  • Lateral

- Upper midbrain

66
Q

The oculomotor nerves extend ventrad from their origins in the _____ and exit the ventral surface of the upper midbrain between the cerebral peduncles

A
  • Oculomotor nuclei
67
Q

The oculomotor nerve exits the upper midbrain through the interpeduncular fossa between the _____.

A
  • Cerebral peduncles
68
Q

Each medial longitudinal fasciculus lies next to the _____ in the upper midbrain and next to the _____ in the lower midbrain and exchanges fibers with them.

A
  • Oculomotor nerve

- Trochlear nucleus

69
Q

The medial longitudinal fasciculi run between the abducens nuclei in the _____ and exchange fibers with them.

A
  • Lower pons
70
Q

The medial longitudinal fasciculi exchange fibers with the vestibular nuclei, the _____, the _____, and the _____.

A
  • Oculomotor nuclei
  • Trochlear nuclei
  • Abducens nuclei
71
Q

The medial longitudinal fasciculi coordinate _____ movements with each other and with movements of the head.

72
Q

The inferior olivary nucleus of the _____ receives input from the ipsilateral red nucleus of the upper midbrain via the _____.

A
  • Medulla

- Central tegmental tract

73
Q

The central tegmental tract is a projection of the _____ which is a round structure in the tegmentum of the _____.

A
  • Red nucleus

- Upper midbrain

74
Q

The central tegmental tract leaves the dorsal side of the _____ in the upper midbrain and runs into the lower midbrain lateral to the medial longitudinal fasciculus.

A
  • Red nucleus
75
Q

The central tegmental tract is _____ to the medial longitudinal fasciculus, _____ to the periaqueductal gray and _____ to the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles in the lower midbrain.

A
  • Lateral
  • Ventral
  • Dorsal
76
Q

The red nucleus is a round structure in the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Tegmentum

- Upper midbrain

77
Q

The central tegmental tract starts from the _____ side of the _____.

A
  • Dorsal

- Red nucleus

78
Q

Half of the fibers in each superior cerebellar peduncle synapse in the _____.

A
  • Red nucleus
79
Q

Fibers from the right side of the cerebellum synapse in the left _____ or continue on and synapse in the left side of the thalamus.

A
  • Red nucleus
80
Q

Half of the fibers from the right side of the cerebellum pass to the left of the _____ red nucleus and synapse in the left side of the _____.

A
  • Left

- Thalamus

81
Q

The right side of the thalamus receives half of the projections of the _____ side of the cerebellum.

82
Q

Axons in the superior cerebellar peduncle that do not synapse in the _____ synapse in the thalamus.

A
  • Red nucleus
83
Q

The axons in the superior cerebellar peduncle that do not synapse in the _____ pass on its lateral side en route to the _____.

A
  • Red nucleus

- Thalamus

84
Q

As in the pons, a large part of the tegmentum of the midbrain is occupied by the _____ formation.

85
Q

The center of the tegmentum is of the lower midbrain is occupied by the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Decussation

- Superior cerebellar peduncles

86
Q

The reticular formation is necessarily _____ to the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles and the central tegmental tract in the lower midbrain.

87
Q

The remnant of the anterolateral system is still further lateral, between the _____ and the surface of the lower midbrain.

A
  • Reticular formation
88
Q

Because all of the remaining fibers of the anterolateral system in the midbrain synapse in the _____, these fibers are often called the spinothalamic tracts.

89
Q

The spinothalamic tracts are between the _____ and the surface of the lower midbrain.

A
  • Reticular formation
90
Q

The alternating input to the upper motor neurons in the pontine and medullary reticular formations that produce unconscious _____ comes from the midbrain reticular formation.

91
Q

Unconscious walking is coordinated by neurons in the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Reticular formation

- Midbrain

92
Q

In both the lower midbrain and the upper midbrain the reticular formation is medial to the _____ and lateral to the _____ tract.

A
  • Spinothalamic tract

- Central tegmental

93
Q

The nucleus of the inferior colliculus in the tectum of the _____ is a processing center for _____.

A
  • Lower midbrain

- Hearing

94
Q

The nucleus of the inferior colliculus receives _____ information via the _____ and projects to the _____ via the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Auditory
  • Lateral lemniscus
  • Thalamus
  • Brachium
  • Inferior colliculus
95
Q

The _____ are embedded in the medial longitudinal fasciculus in the lower midbrain.

A
  • Trochlear nuclei
96
Q

Automatic tracking of a moving object is programmed by the _____ in the _____.

A
  • Superior colliculi

- Upper midbrain

97
Q

The inferior and superior colliculi make up the quadrigeminal plate or _____ of the midbrain.

A
  • Tectum

- Oculomotor

98
Q

The _____ nucleus abuts the ventral side of the periaqueductal gray of the upper midbrain.

A
  • Oculomotor
99
Q

The _____ are the largest things in the tegmentum of the upper midbrain.

A
  • Red nuclei
100
Q

The largest projection to the red nuclei is the _____ which crossed in the tegmentum of the _____.

A
  • Superior cerebellar peduncles

- Lower midbrain

101
Q

The largest projection of the red nuclei in humans is the _____ which ends in the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Central tegmental tract
  • Inferior olivary nucleus
  • Medulla
102
Q

The base of the midbrain is mostly occupied by the _____.

A
  • Corticospinal tracts
103
Q

The medial lemniscus passes through the lateral part of the _____ of the midbrain without synapsing.

104
Q

The spinothalamic tract is _____ to the lateral edge of the medial lemniscus in the midbrain.

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