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Neuroanatomy > Chapter 27: Pons > Flashcards

Chapter 27: Pons Flashcards

1
Q

Pons is Latin for bridge, and the pons is the bridge between the midbrain and the _____.

A
  • Medulla
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2
Q

The pons is also the bridge between the brainstem and the _____.

A
  • Cerebellum
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3
Q

The ventral (or anterior) half of the _____ is full of pontine nuclei.

A
  • Pons
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4
Q

Pontine nuclei, in the strict sense, are confined to the _____ half of the ___.

A
  • Ventral

- Pons

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5
Q

The _____ share the ventral half, or base, of the pons with the axons of the corticospinal tracts.

A
  • Pontine nuclei
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6
Q

The base of the pons contains the _____ and the myelinated fibers of the _____ tracts.

A
  • Pontine nuclei

- Corticospinal

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7
Q

The retrotrapezoid nucleus, which detects CO2, lies between the base of the pons and the facial nucleus just superior (or rostral) to boundary between the _____ and the _____.

A
  • Pons

- Medulla

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8
Q

The retrotrapezoid nucleus is just dorsal (or posterior) to the _____ of the _____ in the most caudal part of the _____.

A
  • Base
  • Pons
  • Pons
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9
Q

The _____ is the body’s principal CO2 detector.

A
  • Retrotrapezoid nucleus
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10
Q

The pontine nuclei in the _____ of the _____ receive input from the ipsilateral motor cortex of the cerebrum about its intentions.

A
  • Base

- Pons

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11
Q

Axons from the motor cortex of the cerebrum synapse on neurons in the _____ pontine nuclei.

A
  • Ipsilateral
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12
Q

Neurons in the pontine nuclei signal the intentions of the _____ of the _____ to neurons in the contralateral cerebellar cortex.

A
  • Motor cortex

- Cerebrum

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13
Q

Axons of neurons in pontine nuclei synapse on neurons in the _____ cerebellar cortex.

A
  • Contralateral
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14
Q

The left cerebellar cortex receives information about the intentions of the _____ cerebral cortex from neurons in the _____ side of the base of the pons.

A
  • Right

- Right

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15
Q

The left cerebellar cortex then assists the _____ cerebral cortex in carrying out an action.

A
  • Right
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16
Q

Axons from the pontine nuclei to the _____ side of the cerebellum make up the middle cerebellar peduncle.

A
  • Contralateral
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17
Q

The right middle cerebellar peduncle consists of axons of neurons in the _____ pontine nuclei that synapse on neurons in the _____ cerebellar cortex.

A
  • Left

- Right

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18
Q

Each _____ is made up of axons from neurons in the _____ side of the _____ of the pons.

A
  • Middle
  • Contralateral
  • Base
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19
Q

The left side of the cerebellum projects to the _____ side of the forebrain through the left superior cerebellar peduncle.

A
  • Right
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20
Q

Each side of the cerebellum projects to the contralateral side of the forebrain through the ipsilateral _____.

A
  • Superior cerebellar peduncle
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21
Q

Because the cerebellum is dorsal (or posterior) to the fourth ventricle, the superior cerebellar peduncles leave the cerebellum _____ to the fourth ventricle.

A
  • Dorsal
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22
Q

The superior cerebellar peduncles leave the _____ dorsal (or posterior) to the fourth ventricle and remain in the roof of the fourth ventricle until they reach the lower midbrain.

A
  • Cerebellum
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23
Q

The left superior cerebellar peduncle reaches the _____ side of the forebrain by crossing under the cerebral aqueduct in the lower (or caudal) midbrain.

A
  • Right
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24
Q

The superior cerebellar peduncles cross each other ventral to the _____ in the _____.

A
  • Cerebral aqueduct

- Lower midbrain

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25
Q

The crossing (or decussation) of the superior cerebellar peduncles is a prominent feature of the _____.

A
  • Lower midbrain
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26
Q

The superior cerebellar peduncles are in the lateral sides of the roof of the _____.

A
  • Fourth ventricle
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27
Q

The ventral half of the pons is the _____; the dorsal half is the tegmentum.

A
  • Base
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28
Q

The part of the pons between the base and the fourth ventricle is the _____.

A
  • Tegmentum
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29
Q

The motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve is in the dorsolateral corner of the _____ of the pons.

A
  • Tegmentum
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30
Q

The _____ nucleus of the trigeminal is present only at the mid-pontine level.

A
  • Motor
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31
Q

The spinal tract and nucleus of the trigeminal descend from the midpontine level in the lateral part of the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Tegmentum

- Pons

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32
Q

The spinal tract and nucleus of the trigeminal are just ventral to the lateral vestibular nucleus in the _____ of the lower (or caudal) pons.

A
  • Tegmentum
33
Q

The mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal extends upward (or rostrad) from the mid pontine level in the lateral wall of the _____.

A
  • Fourth ventricle
34
Q

The mesencephalic tract of the trigeminal is ventral to the _____.

A
  • Superior cerebellar peduncle.
35
Q

The nucleus ceruleus is in the dorsal part of the _____ of the middle and upper pons ventral and medial to the mesencephalic tract of the trigeminal.

A
  • Tegmentum
36
Q

The nucleus ceruleus is an essential alertness center in the _____ of the middle and upper pons.

A
  • Dorsal tegmentum
37
Q

Neurons in the _____ project to many other brain centers to keep them awake.

A
  • Nucleus ceruleus
38
Q

Projections of the nucleus ceruleus release norepinephrine in several forebrain nuclei to increase _____.

A
  • Alertness (wakefulness)
39
Q

The _____ is the principal source of norepinephrine in the central nervous system.

A
  • Nucleus ceruleus
40
Q

The nucleus ceruleus is ventral and medial to the _____ tract of the _____.

A
  • Mesencephalic

- Trigeminal

41
Q

The medial lemniscus is a thick vertical ribbon of _____ matter in the medulla, but it becomes a thick horizontal ribbon of _____ matter in the pons.

A
  • White

- White

42
Q

The medial lemniscus is a thick _____ ribbon of white matter forming the ventral (or anterior) border of the tegmentum in the pons.

A
  • Horizontal
43
Q

The ventral trigeminothalamic tract is a thin ribbon of _____ on the dorsal side of the medial lemniscus.

A
  • White matter
44
Q

Since the ventral trigeminothalamic tract carries _____ information from the _____ side of the face from the _____ of the _____ to the thalamus, it cannot be present below the mid-pontine level.

A
  • Epicritic
  • Contralateral
  • Principal sensory nucleus
  • Trigeminal
45
Q

The ventral trigeminothalamic tract which carries _____ information from the _____ side of the face is on the dorsal side of the _____ which carries _____ information from the _____ side of the body.

A
  • Epicritic
  • Contralateral
  • Medial lemniscus
  • Epicritic
  • Contralateral
46
Q

The ventral trigeminothalamic tract is ventral to the central tegmental tract and dorsal to the _____ in the middle and upper pontine levels.

A
  • Medial lemniscus
47
Q

The central tegmental tract, which carries information from the red nucleus to the _____, is dorsal to the _____ tract.

A
  • Inferior olivary nucleus

- Ventral trigeminothalamic

48
Q

The nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, a relay center for _____, is on the lateral side of the central tegmental tract at the mid-pontine level.

A
  • Hearing
49
Q

The lateral lemniscus, which carries auditory information from the _____ to the _____, is on the lateral side of the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.

A
  • Superior olivary nucleus

- Inferior colliculus

50
Q

The lateral lemniscus is on the lateral side of the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Nucleus

- Lateral lemniscus

51
Q

The nucleus of the lateral lemniscus on the lateral side of the _____.

A
  • Central tegmental tract
52
Q

The central tegmental tract is _____ to the medial lemniscus.

A
  • Dorsal
53
Q

The lateral lemniscus is _____ to the medial lemniscus.

A
  • Dorsolateral
54
Q

The lateral lemniscus ascends from the superior olivary nucleus to the inferior colliculus through the lateral side of the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Tegmentum

- Pons

55
Q

The anterolateral system, formed by the merger of the _____, _____, and spinoreticular tract ascends through the pons between the lateral lemniscus and the middle cerebellar peduncle.

A
  • Lateral spinothalamic tract

- Anterior spinothalamic tract

56
Q

The anterolateral system is _____ to the lateral lemniscus in the pons.

A
  • Lateral
57
Q

The pontine reticular formation is a network of neurons and axons occupying most of the tegmentum of the _____.

A
  • Pons
58
Q

Some neurons in the pontine reticular formation have long axons that form the _____.

A
  • Medial (pontine) reticulospinal tract
59
Q

The axons in the medial reticulospinal tract synapse on internuncial neurons that control lower motor neurons for _____ of the _____.

A
  • Extensors

- Lower extremity

60
Q

Neurons in the pontine reticular formation project through only the _____ medial reticulospinal tract, but neurons in the medullary reticulospinal tract project through _____ reticulospinal tracts.

A
  • Ipsilateral

- Both lateral

61
Q

The nucleus raphe magnus is on the midline between the _____ and _____ reticular formations in the lower (or caudal) pons.

A
  • Right

- Left

62
Q

The nucleus raphe magnus gets its name from its _____ because a raphe is where two sides join.

A
  • Location (position)
63
Q

The nucleus raphe magnus is on the midline of the tegmentum of the lower pons between the right and left sides of the reticular formation.

A
  • Tegmentum

- Reticular formation

64
Q

Pain transmission in the spinal cord is inhibited by projections of the _____ through the raphespinal tract.

A
  • Nucleus raphe magnus
65
Q

Axons in the raphespinal tract release enkephalin in the posterior horn of the spinal cord to inhibit the transmission of _____.

A
  • Pain
66
Q

The release of _____ in the posterior horn of the spinal cord _____ the transmission of pain.

A
  • Enkephalin

- Inhibits

67
Q

Projections of the _____ through the _____ tract inhibit pain transmission in the posterior horn of the spinal cord by releasing _____.

A
  • Nucleus raphe magnus
  • Raphespinal
  • Enkephalin
68
Q

The rostral half of the _____ lies between the pons and the cerebellum.

A
  • 4th ventricle
69
Q

The corticospinal tract pass through the _____ of the pons.

A
  • Base
70
Q

Pontine nuclei surround the _____ in the base of the pons.

A
  • Corticospinal tract
71
Q

Pontine nuclei receive projections from the _____.

A
  • Ipsilateral cerebral cortex
72
Q

Pontine nuclei project to the _____ cortex through the _____.

A
  • Contralateral cerebellar

- Middle cerebellar peduncle

73
Q

Pontine projections to the cerebellar cortex are more important for _____ than for _____.

A
  • Coordination

- Muscle tone

74
Q

The facial nucleus in the tegmentum of the _____ pons contains _____ motor neurons for facial muscles.

A
  • Caudal (lower)

- Lower

75
Q

The retrotrapezoid nucleus superficial to the _____ monitors _____.

A
  • Facial nucleus

- Carbon dioxide

76
Q

The _____ nuclei which surround the superior cerebellar peduncles in the _____ pons regulate the timing of _____.

A
  • Parabrachial
  • Rostral (upper)
  • Exhalation
77
Q

The reticular formation in the _____ of the pons projects to internuncial neurons for _____ through the _____ tract.

A
  • Tegmentum
  • Extensors
  • Ipsilateral medial reticulospinal tract
78
Q

The _____ in the lateral periventricular gray of the pons is a critical wakefulness center.

A
  • Nucleus ceruleus (locus ceruleus)

Neuroanatomy (21 decks)

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