Chapter 32: Cerebellar Lobes Flashcards
Axons in the upper part of the posterior spinocerebellar and lower part of the cuneocerebellar tract carrying muscle stretch information from back muscles synapse on _____ in the cortex of the central strip of the cerebellum.
- Granule cells
The central 1/6 of the cerebellum, called the vermis, receives information about _____ in the _____ of the _____.
- Muscle stretch (tone)
- Muscles
- Back
Granule cells in the vermis receive muscle stretch information from the _____ in mossy fibers of the _____ and _____ tracts.
- Back
- Posterior spinocerebellar
- Cuneocerebellar
The granule cells in the cortex of the _____ project muscle stretch information from the back to the _____ of _____ through _____ fibers.
- Cerebellum
- Dendrites
- Purkinje cells
- Horizontal (parallel)
Purkinje cells in the vermis receive _____ fibers from the medial accessory olivary nucleus.
- Climbing
The projections of the _____ to Purkinje cells in the vermis try to correct inadvertent errors of posture.
- Medial accessory olivary nucleus
Purkinje cells in the _____ of the cerebellum project their reactions to muscle stretch in the back to the fastigial nuclei.
- Vermis
Thus the fastigial nuclei receive Purkinje cell reactions to muscle stretch in the back from Purkinje cells in the _____ and Purkinje cell reactions to balance problems from Purkinje cells in the _____.
- Vermis
- Flocculonodular lobe
The fastigial nuclei are concerned with both muscle tone in the _____ and _____.
- Back
- Balance
The fastigial nuclei in the _____ of the _____ are flanked by the globose nuclei.
- Roof
- 4th ventricle
The _____ nuclei that flank the fastigial nuclei are themselves flanked by the emboliform nuclei.
- Globose
The emboliform nuclei are lateral and slightly rostral to the _____ nuclei.
- Globose
The huge dentate nucleus is lateral to the other 3 deep cerebellar nuclei (or roof nuclei), which are, from medial to lateral: _____, _____, and _____.
- Fastigial
- Globose
- Emboliform
One mnemonic for the medial to lateral _____, _____, _____, _____ sequence is “Fat Guys Eat Doughnuts.”
- Fastigial
- Globose
- Emboliform
- Dentate
Because they lie between the fastigial and dentate nuclei, the _____ and _____ nuclei are often called the interposed nuclei.
- Globose
- Emboliform
Muscle stretch information from the extremities is carried to the interposed nuclei and the cerebellar cortex by the _____ and _____ tracts.
- Ipsilateral
- Posterior spinocerebellar
- Cuneocerebellar
Axons in the posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts split to synapse in an _____ nucleus and on granule cells in the _____.
- Interposed
- Cerebellar cortex
Axons in the posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts reach the cerebellar cortex as _____ fibers that end on _____ cells in the paravermal zone lateral to the vermis.
- Mossy
- Granule
The paravermal zone (or intermediate zone) is a pair of strips of cerebellar cortex lateral to the _____. Each strip is half as wide as the vermis.
- Vermis
The vermis is roughly twice as wide as the right (or left) _____.
- Paravermal zone
The granule cells in the paravermal zone project to the _____ of _____ in the outer layer of the cortex of the _____.
- Dendrites
- Purkinje cells
- Paravermal zone
The Purkinje cells of the paravermal zone project to the interposed nuclei which lie lateral to the
_____.
- Fastigial nucleus
The paravermal zone is defined as the area of the cerebellar cortex that projects to the _____ and _____ nuclei.
- Globose
- Emboliform
The interposed nuclei receive input from both _____ cells and cells in the _____ nucleus or the _____.
- Purkinje
- Dorsal thoracic
- Accessory cuneate nucleus
The _____ can compare the intentions of Purkinje cells with the muscle tension reported by the spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts.
- Interposed nuclei
The interposed nuclei project the decisions of the _____ of the _____ zone to the contralateral red nucleus and to the contralateral ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus.
- Purkinje cells
- Parevermal zone
The ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus receives the projections of the _____-lateral _____ through the superior cerebellar peduncle.
- Contralateral
- Interposed nuclei
The red nucleus receives the projections of the _____-lateral _____ through the superior cerebellar peduncle.
- Contralateral
- Interposed nuclei
The superior cerebellar peduncles cross in the _____.
- Lower midbrain
The red nucleus projects to the dorsal accessory olivary nucleus through the _____.
- Central tegmental tract
The dorsal accessory olivary nucleus also receives information from the spinal cord through the _____ tract.
- Spin-olivary
The dorsal accessory olivary nucleus sends _____ fibers to the paravermal zone of the _____-lateral cerebellar cortex.
- Climbing
- Contralateral
The feedback loop of Purkinje cell to _____ to _____ to _____ to Purkinje cell allows the dorsal accessory olivary nucleus to detect and correct inappropriate muscle tone.
- Interposed nuclei
- Red nucleus
- Dorsal accessory olivary nucleus
Inappropriate muscle tone is detected by neurons in the _____ and corrected by the synapses of climbing fibers on _____ in the _____ cerebellar cortex.
- Dorsal accessory olivary nucleus
- Purkinje cells
- Contralateral
Purkinje cells in the cortex of the paravermal zone send instructions for muscle tone to the _____ nuclei which project to the contralateral ventrolateral thalamic nucleus and red nucleus.
- Interposed
The ventrolateral nucleus of the _____ sends instructions to the premotor cortex (Brodmann area 6).
- Thalamus
The paravermal zone of the cerebellar cortex projects to the premotor cortex by way of the _____ and the _____-lateral _____ of the thalamus.
- Interposed nuclei
- Contralateral
- Ventrolateral nucleus
The vermis and paravermal zone are often discussed together as the spinocerebellum because they receive most of their input from the _____ and cuneocerebellar tracts.
- Posterior spinocerebellar
The posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts relay information from neurons in _____ ganglia.
- Sensory (spinal)
The 1/3 of each side of the cerebellum lateral to the paravermal zone is the pontocerebellum whose inputs are primarily from the _____ nuclei and whose projections are to the dentate nucleus.
- Pontine
The paravermal zone is defined by its projections to the _____ and _____ nuclei.
- Globose
- Emobliform
The pontocerebellum is defined by its projections to the _____ nucleus.
- Dentate
The central 1/3 of the cerebellum is the _____, and the lateral 2/3 is the _____.
- Spinocerebellum
- Pontoceebellum
Most input to the spinocerebellum is relayed from neurons in the _____ by neurons in the spinal cord and lateral cuneate nucleus.
- Sensory (spinal) ganglia
Most input to the pontocerebellum is relayed from neurons in the cerebral cortex by neurons in the _____.
- Pontine nuclei
The pontocerebellum is _____ to the spinocerebellum.
- Lateral
Purkinje cells in the pontocerebellum project to the _____.
- Dentate nucleus
The dentate nucleus monitors the correspondence of intention with execution by comparing input from the _____ with input from axon collaterals from the spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts.
- Pontine nuclei
Like the other deep cerebellar nuclei, the dentate nucleus projects to the contralateral
_____ and the _____ of the thalamus.
- Red nucleus
- Ventrolateral
The ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus projects to the _____.
- Premotor cortex
The red nucleus projects to the inferior olivary nucleus which sends _____ fibers to the Purkinje cells of the pontocerebellum.
- Climbing
Olivocerebellar projections to the pontocerebellum come from the _____-lateral _____.
- Contralateral
- Inferior olivary nucleus
Like the other olivary nuclei of the medulla, the inferior olivary nucleus is informed of the progress of an action by the _____ tract.
- Spino-olivary
Whereas olivocerebellar projections to the spinocerebellum correct poor _____, olivocerebellar projections to the pontocerebellum correct poor coordination.
- Muscle tone
Keeping force proportional to the task is the job of the _____, and coordinating actions is the job of the _____.
- Spinocerebellum
- Pontocerebellum
The cerebellum has 3 lobes: anterior, posterior, and _____.
- Flocculonodular
Although the _____ and _____ tracts project to the paravermal zones of both anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum, responsibility for muscle tone resides in the small anterior lobe.
- Spinocerebellar
- Cuneocerebellar
Due to its small size, the _____ lobe has only spinocerebellum.
- Anterior
The large _____ lobe has both spinocerebellum and pontocerebellum.
- Posterior
The primary fissure divides the cerebellum into a small rostral _____ lobe and a large caudal _____ lobe.
- Anterior
- Posterior
Although the _____ lobe is anterior to the primary fissure, it is superior to the _____ lobe in humans.
- Anterior
- Posterior
The anterior and posterior lobes are defined by their positions with respect to the _____ fissure.
- Primary
The spinocerebellum of the _____ lobe regulates the force of actions, and the spinocerebellum of the _____ lobe regulates the timing of actions.
- Anterior
- Posterior
The pontocerebellum of the posterior lobe _____ actions at multiple joints.
- Coordinates
Although muscle tone in the arms and legs is regulated by the _____ of the _____, muscle tone in the head is regulated by the vermis of the _____.
- Anterior lobe
- Cerebellum
- Posterior lobe
Muscle tone is regulated by the _____ of the cerebellum, but coordination is regulated by the posterior lobe.
- Anterior lobe
There are a pair of bimanual hand coordination areas on the superior surface of the _____ of the cerebellum lateral to the areas regulating muscle tone in the hands.
- Posterior lobe
The bimanual hand coordination areas that help the hands work together are on anterolateral edges of the _____ surface of the _____ lobe of the cerebellum.
- Superior
- Posterior
A second hand coordination area is located on the inferior surface of the _____ as part of a _____ for the entire body.
- Posterior lobe
- Somatotopic map
As this diagram shows, hand coordination areas are _____ to trunk coordination areas and _____ to foot coordination areas in the somatotopic map of the inferior surface of the posterior lobe.
- Lateral
- Posterior
Areas regulating muscle tone in the hands are _____ to areas regulating muscle tone in the trunk and _____ to areas regulation muscle tone in the feet.
- Lateral
- Posterior
The somatotopy of the regulation of muscle tone can be shown by _____ homunculus on the _____ lobe, but showing the somatotopy of coordination requires _____ and a few extra pictures.
- One
- Anterior
- Two homonculi
On both the superior surface of the anterior lobe and the inferior surface of the posterior lobe, the head is _____ to the rest of the homunculus.
- Posterior (dorsal)
The deep nuclei and the anterior lobe of the cerebellum receive their blood supply from the _____.
- Superior cerebellar artery
The flocculus and most of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum usually receive their
blood supply from the _____.
- Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
The nodulus and the inferior cerebellar peduncle receive their blood supply from the _____.
- Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
The “tonsil” of the cerebellum, the wedge-shaped anteromedial sixth of the inferior surface of the cerebellum, gets its blood supply from the _____.
- Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
The tonsil of the cerebellum is wedge occupying the medial half of the usual territory of the _____ artery
- Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
The tonsil of the cerebellum is a _____ of pontocerebellum pointing toward the foramen magnum.
- Wedge
The tonsil of the cerebellum is a _____ on the dorsolateral side of the upper medulla.
- Wedge
The vermis of the cerebellum monitors _____ in the muscles of the _____.
- Muscle tone
- Back
Most Purkinje cells in the vermis project to the _____ nuclei, but those in the nodulus also project to the _____ nuclei and the _____.
- Fastigial
- Vestibular
- Reticular formation
The paravermal zone of the cerebellum monitors _____ in the muscles of the _____.
- Muscle tone
- Extremities
Purkinje cells in the paravermal zone project to the _____ and _____ nuclei which project to the _____ and the _____.
- Globose
- Emboliform
- Red nucleus
- Thalamus
The anterior lobe is entirely within the _____ and _____ of the cerebellum.
- Vermal
- Paravermal
The hemispheres of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum manage _____ of the _____ of the _____.
- Coordination
- Muscles
- Extremities
Purkinje cells in the hemispheres of the posterior lobe project to the _____ nucleus which projects to the _____ nucleus and the _____.
- Dentate
- Red
- Thalamus
The anterior lobe of the cerebellum is _____ or _____ to the posterior lobe in
humans.
- Superior
- Rostral
The superior cerebellar artery feeds the _____, the anterior inferior cerebellar artery feeds the _____ and _____, and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery feeds the _____ and _____.
- Anterior lobe
- Posterior lobe
- Flocculus
- Nodulus
- Inferior cerebellar peduncle
