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Neuroanatomy > Chapter 23: Vestibular Nuclei > Flashcards

Chapter 23: Vestibular Nuclei Flashcards

1
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerve has a _____ division concerned with hearing and a _____ division concerned with balance.

A
  • Cochlear

- Vestibular

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2
Q

The _____ and _____ divisions of the vestibulocochlear nerve join inside the petrous part of the temporal bone and emerge from the temporal bone into the posterior cranial fossa through the internal acoustic meatus.

A
  • Vestibular

- Cochlear

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3
Q

Immediately after leaving the temporal bone through the _____ the vestibulocochlear nerve passes through the dura and distributes its fibers to the _____ and _____ nuclei.

A
  • Internal acoustic meatus
  • Vestibular
  • Cochlear
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4
Q

The vestibular division of the vestibulocochlear nerve is composed of the axons of neurons in the _____.

A
  • Vestibular ganglion
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5
Q

Four vestibular nuclei and the _____ receive projections from the vestibular ganglion.

A
  • Nodulus of the cerebellum
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6
Q

The _____ in the vestibular ganglion receive impulses from the hair cells of the 3 semicircular canals and the saccule and the utricle.

A
  • Primary sensory neurons
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7
Q

The axons of neurons in the vestibular ganglion synapse on neurons in the nodulus of the _____ and in the _____.

A
  • Cerebellum

- Vestibular nuclei

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8
Q

There are _____ vestibular nuclei in the dorsolateral quadrant of each side of the brainstem.

A
  • Four
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9
Q

The 4 vestibular nuclei form a kite shaped group that straddles the _____ boundary.

A
  • Ponto-medullary
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10
Q

The lateral and superior vestibular nuclei are mostly in the _____, and the medial and inferior vestibular ganglia are mostly in the _____.

A
  • Pons

- Medulla

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11
Q

The superior vestibular nucleus is in the _____.

A
  • Pons
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12
Q

The lateral vestibular nucleus is in the pons lateral to the _____.

A
  • Superior vestibular nucleus
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13
Q

The lateral vestibular nucleus is _____ to the superior vestibular nucleus in the _____.

A
  • Lateral

- Pons

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14
Q

The _____ is medial to the inferior vestibular nucleus in the medulla.

A
  • Medial vestibular nucleus
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15
Q

The pons is _____ to the medulla in humans.

A
  • Superior
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16
Q

Since the right and left _____ are much closer to each other than the right and left inferior vestibular nuclei are, there is much more communication between the _____ than between the right and left inferior vestibular nuclei.

A
  • Medial vestibular nuclei

- Medial vestibular nuclei

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17
Q

Since the right and left _____ are somewhat closer together than the right and left lateral vestibular nuclei are, there is much more communication between the _____ than between the right and left lateral vestibular nuclei.

A
  • Superior vestibular nuclei

- Superior vestibular nuclei

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18
Q

There is much communication between the right and left _____ and between the right and left _____, but little communication between the right and left _____ and the right and left _____.

A
  • Medial vestibular nuclei
  • Superior vestibular nuclei
  • Inferior vestibular nuclei
  • Lateral vestibular nuclei
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19
Q

The inferior and medial vestibular nuclei are in the upper _____ medial to the inferior cerebellar peduncle.

A
  • Medulla
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20
Q

The medial vestibular nucleus forms most of the medial border of the _____.

A
  • Inferior vestibular nucleus
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21
Q

The inferior vestibular nucleus forms the lateral border of the _____ and the _____.

A
  • Medial vestibular nucleus

- Nucleus solitarius

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22
Q

The medial vestibular nucleus forms the dorsal border of the _____ and the _____.

A
  • Nucleus solitarius

- Inferior salivatory nucleus

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23
Q

The lateral and dorsal borders of the nucleus solitarius are formed by the _____ and _____.

A
  • Inferior

- Medial vestibular nuclei

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24
Q

The nucleus solitarius receives projections from the _____ and _____, which form its lateral and dorsal borders.

A
  • Medial

- Inferior vestibular nuclei

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25
Q

The medullary part of the nucleus solitarius receives inputs from the _____ and _____ about changes in posture detected by the vestibular organs.

A
  • Medial

- Inferior vestibular nuclei

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26
Q

Projections of the nucleus solitarius to the _____ allows the _____ to increase or decrease cardiac output to maintain consciousness during postural changes.

A
  • Nucleus ambiguus

- Nucleus ambiguus

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27
Q

The nucleus solitarius integrates blood pressure information from the _____ with postural information from the _____ and _____ to regulate cardiac output.

A
  • Superior glossopharyngeal ganglion
  • Medial
  • Inferior vestibular nuclei
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28
Q

Projections from the nucleus solitarius regulate the output of the _____ to the cardiac ganglion in the sinus node of the heart.

A
  • Nucleus ambiguus
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29
Q

The regulation of blood pressure during changes in posture depend on projections from the _____ and _____ to the nucleus _____ and from the nucleus _____ to the nucleus _____.

A
  • Medial
  • Inferior vestibular nuclei
  • Solitarius
  • Solitarius
  • Ambiguus
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30
Q

The medial vestibular nucleus also receives from neurons in the _____ that innervate the lateral (or horizontal) semicircular canal.

A
  • Vestibular ganglion
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31
Q

The medial vestibular nucleus receives information about rotation in the _____.

A
  • Horizontal plane
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32
Q

Because the semicircular canals are nearly circular, they respond to _____ but not to linear movement.

A
  • Rotational
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33
Q

When the head _____, the eyes turn in the opposite direction because the _____ nucleus relays information about horizontal rotation to the abducens nucleus which controls lateral eye movement.

A
  • Turns

- Medial vestibular nucleus

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34
Q

Turning of the eyes in response to _____ of the _____ is called nystagmus.

A
  • Rotation

- Head

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35
Q

Horizontal nystagmus depends on responses of the hair cells of the _____, neurons in the vestibular ganglion, _____, and abducens nucleus, in that order.

A
  • Horizontal semicircular canal

- Medial vestibular nucleus

36
Q

The medial vestibular nucleus mediates horizontal _____.

37
Q

The eyes return quickly after they have _____ as far as they can in nystagmus.

38
Q

The return phase is called the _____ of nystagmus.

39
Q

When the head turns to the left, the eyes turn to the _____ as far as they can and then beat back to the _____.

A
  • Right

- Left

40
Q

A pirouette to the _____ causes nystagmus that beats to the _____.

A
  • Right

- Right

41
Q

Projections of the medial vestibular nucleus to the abducens nucleus mediate _____.

A
  • Horizontal nystagmus
42
Q

Vertical nystagmus occurs when the head turns up or down in the _____ plane.

43
Q

Hair cells in the anterior and posterior semicircular canals respond to _____ of the head in any vertical plane because the anterior and posterior semicircular canals are in _____ planes 90 degrees apart.

A
  • Turning

- Vertical

44
Q

Neurons in the _____ ganglion send most of the information from the anterior and posterior semicircular canals to the superior vestibular nucleus in the _____.

A
  • Vestibular

- Pons

45
Q

Vertical nystagmus is due to the response of the _____ vestibular nucleus to information from the _____ and _____.

A
  • Superior
  • Anterior
  • Posterior semicircular canals
46
Q

Vertical nystagmus requires projections from the _____ to the oculomotor nucleus which contains the lower motor neurons for the muscles that control vertical movements of the eyes.

A
  • Superior vestibular nucleus
47
Q

The projections of the _____ to the oculomotor nucleus travel in the ipsilateral medial longitudinal fasciculus.

A
  • Superior vestibular nucleus
48
Q

The oculomotor nucleus receives inputs from the superior vestibular nucleus through the _____.

A
  • Ipsilateral medial longitudinal fasciculus
49
Q

The superior vestibular nucleus projects to the ipsilateral _____ nucleus and the ipsilateral thalamus.

A
  • Oculomotor
50
Q

The superior vestibular nucleus communicates with the ipsilateral oculomotor nucleus via the _____ and with the ipsilateral thalamus via the medial lemniscus.

A
  • Medial longitudinal fasciculus
51
Q

The _____ is a major source of inputs to the oculomotor nucleus.

A
  • Medial longitudinal fasciculus
52
Q

Vertical nystagmus depends on projections of the _____ nucleus in the pons to the oculomotor nucleus in the midbrain.

A
  • Superior vestibular
53
Q

Horizontal nystagmus depends on projections of the _____ nucleus to the abducens nucleus in the pons.

A
  • Medial vestibular
54
Q

The medial vestibular nucleus mediates _____, and the superior vestibular nucleus mediates _____ in response to movements of the head.

A
  • Horizontal nystagmus

- Vertical nystagmus

55
Q

Nystagmus beats in the _____ direction as the turn of the head.

56
Q

The superior vestibular nucleus projects to the _____, but the medial vestibular nucleus projects to the _____.

A
  • Ipsilateral thalamus

- Contralateral thalamus

57
Q

The medial vestibular nucleus projects to the contralateral _____ via the medial longitudinal fasciculus.

58
Q

The thalamus receives projections from the _____ medial vestibular nucleus via the medial longitudinal fasciculus.

A
  • Contralateral
59
Q

The thalamus receives projections from the _____ superior vestibular nucleus via the _____ and projections from the _____ medial vestibular nucleus via the _____.

A
  • Ipsilateral
  • Medial lemniscus
  • Contralateral
  • Medial longitudinal fasciculus
60
Q

All vestibular nuclei project to the _____.

A
  • Nodulus of the cerebellum
61
Q

The medial and inferior vestibular nuclei adjust blood pressure for postural changes through their projections to the _____.

A
  • Nucleus solitarius
62
Q

The medial vestibulospinal tracts are mostly axons of neurons in the _____.

A
  • Medial vestibular nuclei
63
Q

Each medial vestibular nucleus contributes axons to both the _____ and the _____.

A
  • Medial

- Lateral vestibulospinal tract

64
Q

The medial vestibulospinal tracts run down through the right and left sides of the _____ funiculus of the spinal cord posterior to the _____.

A
  • Anterior

- Anterior corticospinal tracts

65
Q

The medial vestibulospinal tracts are confined to the _____ levels of the spinal cord.

66
Q

The axons in each medial vestibulospinal tract synapse on internuncial neurons that synapse on lower motor neurons for _____.

A
  • Neck muscles
67
Q

Axons in the tectospinal tract also synapse on internuncial neurons that synapse on lower motor neurons for _____.

A
  • Neck muscles
68
Q

The _____ tract is responsible for tracking movements of the head, but the _____ tract is responsible for balancing movements of the head.

A
  • Tectospinal

- Medial vestibulospinal

69
Q

Each medial vestibular nucleus receives information from all _____ semicircular canals and from the saccule and utricle.

70
Q

Each medial vestibular nucleus generates reflexes that stabilize the _____ via _____ tracts.

A
  • Head

- Both medial vestibulospinal

71
Q

The tectospinal tracts are responsible for reflexive _____ movements of the head, and the medial vestibulospinal tracts are responsible for _____ movements of the head.

A
  • Tracking

- Balancing

72
Q

Each lateral vestibular nucleus contributes axons to the _____ lateral vestibulospinal tract.

A
  • Ipsilateral
73
Q

The lateral vestibulospinal tract is the most anterior tract in the _____ of the spinal cord.

A
  • Anterior funiculus
74
Q

Axons in the lateral vestibulospinal tract synapse on _____ that synapse on lower motor neurons for _____ muscles in the _____ horn of the spinal cord.

A
  • Internuncial neurons
  • Extensor
  • Anterior
75
Q

The righting reflex mediated by the _____ tries to keep the sagittal plane of the body aligned with the force of gravity.

A
  • Lateral vestibulospinal tract
76
Q

The _____ depends on input from the macula of the saccule to the lateral vestibular nucleus and on input from the lateral vestibular nucleus to the anterior horn of the spinal cord.

A
  • Righting reflex
77
Q

The principal input to the lateral vestibular nucleus is from neurons in the _____ that innervate the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Vestibular ganglion
  • Macula
  • Saccule
78
Q

The medial vestibular nucleus projects to internuncial neurons in the anterior horns of the _____ spinal cord through _____.

A
  • Cervical

- Both medial vestibulospinal tracts

79
Q

The _____ projects to the contralateral thalamus via the contralateral _____ longitudinal fasciculus.

A
  • Medial vestibular nucleus

- Medial

80
Q

The _____ projects to the ipsilateral thalamus via the ipsilateral _____ lemniscus.

A
  • Superior vestibular nucleus

- Medial lemniscus

81
Q

The inferior vestibular nucleus is entirely in the _____.

82
Q

The medial vestibular nucleus is mostly in the _____.

83
Q

The lateral vestibular nucleus is mostly in the _____.

84
Q

The superior vestibular nucleus is entirely in the _____.

85
Q

Projections of the medial and inferior vestibular nuclei to the _____ mediate the response of _____ to postural changes.

A
  • Nucleus solitarius

- Blood pressure

Neuroanatomy (21 decks)

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