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Neuroanatomy > Chapter 33: Cerebellar Lesions > Flashcards

Chapter 33: Cerebellar Lesions Flashcards

1
Q

The flocculonodular lobe is also called the vestibulocerebellum. This implies that the flocculonodular lobe receives input from the _____ nuclei.

A
  • Vestibular
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2
Q

The flocculonodular lobe is the _____: it receives input from the vestibular nuclei and projects back to the _____ nuclei.

A
  • Vestibulo-cerebellum
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3
Q

The vestibular nuclei receive input from the vestibular apparatus: saccule, utricle, and _____.

A
  • Semicircular canals
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4
Q

Damage to the flocculonodular lobe affects a patient ‘s sense of _____.

A
  • Balance
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5
Q

Poor _____ will cause the patient to have difficulty in walking.

A
  • Balance
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6
Q

Because a lesion in the flocculonodular lobe impairs _____ rather than motor control, the patient’s legs will function _____ when the patient is lying down.

A
  • Balance

- Normally

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7
Q

Since the nodulus and the connections of the flocculi are in the roof the 4th ventricle, lesions anywhere in the surroundings of the 4th ventricle will affect the _____ lobe.

A
  • Flocculonodular
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8
Q

The roof of the 4th ventricle is the most common site for medulloblastomas. A medulloblastoma in the roof of the 4th ventricle will impair the function of the _____ lobe.

A
  • Flocculonodular
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9
Q

A medulloblastoma in the roof of the 4th ventricle will wreck the patient’s sense of _____.

A
  • Balance
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10
Q

Difficulty in walking not accompanied by poor control or poor tone of the legs when the patient is lying down is often due to a medulloblastoma in the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Roof

- 4th ventricle

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11
Q

The roof of the 4th ventricle is the most common location for a _____.

A
  • Medullablastoma
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12
Q

A neuroma in the vestibulocochlear nerve is called an acoustic _____ after the old name for the vestibulocochlear nerve.

A
  • Neuroma
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13
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerve enters the brainstem next to the flocculus. Thus an acoustic neuroma will press on the _____ nerve and on the _____ on the same side.

A
  • Vestibulocochlear

- Flocculus

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14
Q

The pressure of an acoustic neuroma on a vestibulocochlear nerve will impair _____ and _____.

A
  • Hearing

- Balance

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15
Q

The pressure of an acoustic neuroma on a flocculus will have even more effect on _____ than the pressure on the vestibulocochlear nerve does.

A
  • Balance
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16
Q

If a gait problem is due to damage to the _____ on only one side, the patient is likely to fall toward the affected side.

A
  • Flocculus
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17
Q

Many patients will try to compensate for damage to the flocculus by keeping the feet far _____ in a wide stance.

A
  • Apart
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18
Q

Occlusion of an anterior inferior cerebellar artery will also damage the flocculus on only one _____. This will cause the patient to have a _____ stance and to fall toward the _____
side when walking.

A
  • Side
  • Wide
  • Affected (lesioned)
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19
Q

The usual blood supply of the flocculi are the _____ arteries which are the most inferior branches of the _____.

A
  • Anterior inferior cerebellar

- Basilar artery

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20
Q

The posterior inferior cerebellar arteries branch off the _____ arteries just before the _____ arteries join to form the basilar artery.

A
  • Vertebral

- Vertebral

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21
Q

The posterior inferior cerebellar artery supplies blood to the nodulus of the cerebellum and to the dorsolateral 1/3 of the _____, which includes the _____ peduncle.

A
  • Flocculonodular lobe
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22
Q

The inferior cerebellar peduncle brings muscle stretch information to the _____ to facilitate cerebellar regulation of muscle tone.

A
  • Cerebellum
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23
Q

Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery will destroy the _____ peduncle, and the several nuclei in the dorsolateral third of the _____.

A
  • Inferior cerebellar

- Medulla

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24
Q

Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery will cause dysfunction of the _____ side of the cerebellum due to damage to the _____ of the cerebellum and lack of tone in the ipsilateral limbs due to destruction of the _____ peduncle

A
  • Same (ipsilateral)
  • Flocculus
  • Inferior cerebellar
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25
Q

Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery will cause additional symptoms due to destruction of the dorsolateral third of the _____.

A
  • Medulla
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26
Q

Damage to the lateral medulla due to occlusion of the _____ will impair the sense of _____ and may cause the patient to fall toward the side _____ the lesion when walking.

A
  • Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
  • Balance
  • Ipsilateral to
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27
Q

Balance problems alone suggest the likelihood of a _____ in the vicinity of the _____ lobe. Balance problems combined with unilateral lack of muscle tone and loss of lower cranial nerve function suggest the likelihood of occlusion of the _____.

A
  • Tumor (medulloblastoma)
  • Flocculonodular
  • Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
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28
Q

The vermis and fastigial nuclei are responsible for tone in the axial musculature. Damage to either the _____ or the _____ will cause instability of the trunk.

A
  • Vermis

- Fastigial nuclei (cerebellar roof)

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29
Q

Damage to one fastigial nucleus causes few symptoms because the output of the fastigial nuclei is _____.

A
  • Bilateral (partially crossed)
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30
Q

Swaying of the trunk severe enough to interfere with walking suggests damage to the _____ or to both _____.

A
  • Vermis

- Fastigial nuclei

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31
Q

The anterior lobe of the cerebellum is called the spinocerebellum because it gets most of its input from the spinal cord via the _____ peduncle. The posterior spinocerebellar tract and the cuneocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum in the _____.

A
  • Inferior cerebellar

- Inferior cerebellar peduncle

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32
Q

The anterior lobe uses the information supplied by the _____ and the _____ to adjust muscle tone in the _____ and _____ respectively.

A
  • Posterior spinocerebellar tract
  • Cuneocerebellar tract
  • Legs
  • Arms
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33
Q

Damage to the anterior lobe or the _____ peduncle causes loss of tone on the affected side because cerebellum works with the _____ side of the body.

A
  • Inferior cerebellar

- Same (ipsilateral)

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34
Q

Damage to one side of the anterior lobe makes it very difficult to place the _____ foot where one wishes to.

A
  • Ipsilateral
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35
Q

Damage to both sides of the anterior lobe makes it very difficult, if not impossible, to place the feet _____. This condition is called ataxia.

A
  • Where one wishes
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36
Q

Damage to the anterior lobe of the cerebellum when its supply of ATP is cut off by thiamine deficiency causes _____.

A
  • Ataxia
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37
Q

Bilateral damage to the anterior lobe also makes it difficult to direct one’s gaze in the _____.

A
  • Desired direction
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38
Q

Wernicke’s ataxia is damage to the _____ lobe of the cerebellum due to _____
deficiency.

A
  • Anterior

- Thiamine

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39
Q

Wernicke’s ataxia usually includes both _____ and difficulty in directing one’s _____.

A
  • Ataxia

- Gaze

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40
Q

Alcoholics often have Wernicke’s ataxia because alcoholic beverages contain no _____.

A
  • Thiamine
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41
Q

Failure to absorb thiamine due to gastric bypass surgery or antacid therapy can also cause _____.

A
  • Wernicke’s ataxia
42
Q

Due to its constant high expenditure of _____ the heart needs almost as much thiamine as the spinocerebellum.

A
  • Energy (ATP)
43
Q

Wernicke’s ataxia may involve life-threatening effects on the _____.

A
  • Heart
44
Q

The anterior lobe of the cerebellum projects to the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus via the globose and emboliform nuclei. Damage to the _____ and _____ nuclei will have the same effect as damage to the anterior lobe of the cerebellum.

A
  • Globose

- Emboliform

45
Q

The globose and emboliform nuclei project to the ventrolateral nucleus of the _____ via the superior cerebellar peduncles.

A
  • Thalamus
46
Q

Through its projections in the _____ peduncle, the anterior lobe of the cerebellum instructs the ventrolateral nucleus of the _____ in the adjustment of muscle tone.

A
  • Superior cerebellar

- Thalamus

47
Q

Without the assistance of the spinocerebellum, the basal nuclei and thalamus create too little or too much _____.

A
  • Muscle tone
48
Q

“Dys” is Greek for bad. Dystonia is too little or too much _____.

A
  • Muscle tone
49
Q

Dystonia is a typical result of damage to the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Anterior lobe

- Cerebellar

50
Q

If you press down on the outstretched arm of a patient with dystonia, there will be little or no _____.

A
  • Resistance (muscle tone)
51
Q

When you release the dystonic arm, it will rise too high because, in the absence of cerebellar instruction, the basal nuclei and thalamus have created too much _____ in the outstretched arm.

A
  • Muscle tone
52
Q

The anterior lobe of the cerebellum and its output nuclei, the _____ and _____ nuclei, receive their blood supply from the superior cerebellar artery.

A
  • Globose

- Emboliform

53
Q

Occlusion of one _____ will cause ataxia and loss of muscle tone in the _____ extremities.

A
  • Superior cerebellar artery

- Ipsilateral

54
Q

The posterior lobe of the cerebellum is called the pontocerebellum because the _____ that project to it are in the pons.

A
  • Neurons (nuclei)
55
Q

Axons of some neurons in the motor and associative areas of the _____ synapse on neurons in the pontine nuclei.

A
  • Cerebral cortex
56
Q

The contralateral _____ nuclei relay information from the cerebral cortex to the cortex of the pontocerebellum.

A
  • Pontine
57
Q

The axons of neurons in the _____ pontine nuclei reach the cortex of the _____ lobe of the cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle.

A
  • Contralateral

- Posterior

58
Q

The enormous number of axons in the _____ suggests the magnitude of the influence of the pontine nuclei on the _____
of the cerebellum.

A
  • Middle cerebellar peduncle

- Posterior lobe

59
Q

Because the axons in the middle cerebellar peduncle cross higher than the axons in the corticospinal tract do, the pontine nuclei and the cerebral cortex both control movement on the _____ side of the body.

A
  • Contralateral (opposite)
60
Q

Because the input to the pontocerebellum comes from the _____ side of the pons, the pontocerebellum should project back to the _____ cerebral cortex (via the _____ ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus).

A
  • Contralateral (opposite)
  • Contralateral (opposite)
  • Contralateral
61
Q

Like the anterior lobe of the cerebellum, the posterior lobe of the cerebellum projects to the _____ ventrolateral nucleus of the _____.

A
  • Contralateral

- Ventrolateral

62
Q

Like most thalamic nuclei, the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus projects to the _____ side of the _____ cortex.

A
  • Ipsilateral (same)

- Cerebral

63
Q

Because the pontocerebellum influences the contralateral primary motor cortex, the signs of pontocerebellar damage appear in the _____ limbs.

A
  • Ipsilateral
64
Q

The posterior lobe of the cerebellum coordinates and smooths out premeditated actions initiated by the contralateral _____.

A
  • Primary motor cortex (cerebral motor cortex)
65
Q

Premeditated actions resolve (or decompose) into a series of small steps if the _____ of the cerebellum is damaged.

A
  • Posterior lobe
66
Q

One of the typical signs of damage to the posterior lobe of the cerebellum, the pontine nuclei, or the middle cerebellar peduncle is _____ of movement.

A
  • Resolution (decomposition)
67
Q

Damage to the posterior lobe of the cerebellum leaves the cerebral cortex uncertian of how much effort is required to reach an object. This results in the patient reaching _____ or not far enough to grasp or touch an object.

A
  • Too far
68
Q

Reaching _____ is called “past pointing.”

A
  • Too far
69
Q

Resolution of _____ and _____ are signs of damage to the posterior lobe of the cerebellum.

A
  • Movement

- Past pointing

70
Q

Lack of feedback from the posterior lobe of the cerebellum causes the _____ cortex to seek the correct line of action by moving the arm or leg from one side to the other of the intended line of action.

A
  • Cerebral (motor)
71
Q

The wobbling of the arm or leg around the _____ line of action is often called “intention tremor.”

A
  • Intended (desired)
72
Q

While “intention tremor” starts with the _____ to act, it becomes worse during actual movement.

A
  • Intention
73
Q

Since “kinetic” is Greek for “moving,” intention tremor is also called _____.

A
  • Kinetic tremor
74
Q

Kinetic tremor, or _____ is a typical sign of damage to the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Intention tremor
  • Posterior lobe
  • Cerebellum
75
Q

Resting tremor is a typical sign of Parkinson’s disease but _____ tremor is a sign of a lesion in the posterior lobe of the cerebellum.

A
  • Kinetic (intention)
76
Q

Rarely, resting tremor is a sign of an _____ of caffeine.

A
  • Overdose
77
Q

The combination of resolution of _____ and “_____ pointing” makes it impossible for a patient with damage to the posterior lobe of the cerebellum to reverse a movement quickly.

A
  • Movement

- Past

78
Q

“Dys” is Greek for _____, and Kinesis is Greek for _____. “Diadocho” is Greek for reversal. Thus “dysdiadochokinesis” is _____ of _____.

A
  • Bad
  • Movement
  • Bad reversal
  • Movement
79
Q

Whereas anterior lobe cerebellar lesions cause dystonia, posterior lobe lesions cause _____.

A
  • Dysdiadochokinesis
80
Q

_____ is usually due to a lesion in the posterior lobe of the cerebellum.

A
  • Dysdiadochokinesis
81
Q

The cortex of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum projects to the _____ nucleus.

A
  • Dentate
82
Q

The dentate nucleus projects to the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus via the _____ peduncle.

A
  • Superior cerebellar
83
Q

A lesion in the dentate nucleus has the same effect as a lesion in the _____ lobe of the _____.

A
  • Posterior

- Cerebellum

84
Q

The anterior inferior cerebellar artery supplies blood to the middle cerebellar peduncle, the posterior lobe of the cerebellum, and, usually, the dentate nucleus. Thus occlusion of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery causes _____ tremor, “past-_____”, _____ of movement, and _____.

A
  • Kinetic (intention)
  • Pointing
  • Resolution
  • Dysdiadochokinesis
85
Q

The posterior lobe of the cerebellum, its input tract and output nucleus are completely dependent on the _____ artery.

A
  • Anterior inferior cerebellar
86
Q

The word “usually” frequently appears in discussions of the _____ artery.

A
  • Anterior inferior cerebellar
87
Q

The course and size of the _____ cerebellar artery are extremely variable.

A
  • Anterior inferior
88
Q

The posterior lobe of the cerebellum suppresses unwanted _____ and unwanted thoughts.

A
  • Movement
89
Q

Dysdiadochokinesis and kinetic tremor are often accompanied by depression because the damaged _____ fails to _____ negative thoughts.

A
  • Posterior lobe

- Suppress

90
Q

Difficulty in walking due to poor balance alone suggests damage to the _____ on the side to which the patient falls.

A
  • Flocculus
91
Q

The most common cause of damage to the flocculus or its connections is _____ in the _____ of the 4th ventricle.

A
  • Medulloblastoma

- Roof

92
Q

The flocculus may also be damaged by an _____ neuroma or by occlusion of a branch of the _____.

A
  • Acoustic

- Anterior inferior cerebellar artery

93
Q

An acoustic neuroma will also damage _____ and cause _____ paralysis of the _____ muscles on the side of the neuroma.

A
  • Hearing
  • Flaccid
  • Facial
94
Q

Difficulty in walking due to poor muscle tone in the trunk suggests damage to the _____ due to occlusion of a branch of the _____.

A
  • Nodulus

- Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

95
Q

Unilateral dystonia of the extremities accompanied by vertigo and loss of protopathic sensation suggests damage to the _____ due to occlusion of the _____.

A
  • Inferior cerebellar peduncle

- Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

96
Q

Global dystonia is usually due to damage to the _____ of the cerebellum due to _____ deficiency.

A
  • Anterior lobe

- Thiamine

97
Q

Global dystonia due to _____ deficiency is often treated by intravenous drip of _____ to prevent damage to the _____.

A
  • Thiamine
  • Thiamine
  • Heart
98
Q

The posterior lobe of the cerebellum may be damaged by occlusion of the _____.

A
  • Anterior

- Inferior cerebellar artery

99
Q

Lesions of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum usually cause _____ tremor, _____ of movement, and _____.

A
  • Kinetic (intention)
  • Resolution (decomposition)
  • Dysdiadochokinesis
100
Q

In addition to disorders of _____, lesions of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum often cause _____.

A
  • Movement

- Depression

Neuroanatomy (21 decks)

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