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Neuroanatomy > Chapter 35: Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Chapter 35: Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

As its name implies, the hypothalamus is _____ to the thalamus. The hypothalamus is also anterior to the thalamus.

A
  • Inferior
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2
Q

Like the thalamus, the hypothalamus is split into right and left halves by the _____ ventricle.

A
  • Third
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3
Q

The most anterior part of the hypothalamus is the lamina terminalis which forms the _____ wall of the _____ ventricle.

A
  • Anterior

- Third

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4
Q

Since the lamina terminalis is above and slightly anterior to the optic chiasma, the nuclei in the lamina terminalis are called the _____ nuclei.

A
  • Pre-optic
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5
Q

The medial and lateral preoptic nuclei are the most _____ nuclei of the _____.

A
  • Anterior

- Hypothalamus

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6
Q

The hypothalamus regulates the viscera. Thus, the highest centers of the autonomic nervous system are in the _____.

A
  • Hypothalamus
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7
Q

The medial preoptic nucleus is an _____ nucleus regulating the body’s cooling mechanisms.

A
  • Autonomic
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8
Q

The medial preoptic nucleus causes cutaneous vasodilation by way of a polysynaptic pathway. Cutaneous vasodilation _____ the body.

A
  • Cools
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9
Q

The _____ nucleus also initiates sweating to further _____ the body.

A
  • Medial preoptic

- Cool

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10
Q

Since it contains more than 2 neurons, the control of sweating is also a _____ pathway.

A
  • Polysynaptic
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11
Q

When body temperature exceeds the setpoint of 37 degrees C, dopaminergic nerves activate the _____ nucleus by releasing _____ on its D1 receptors.

A
  • Medial preoptic

- Dopamine

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12
Q

Release of dopamine onto _____ receptors on neurons of the medial preoptic nucleus initiates _____ mechanisms such as _____ and _____.

A
  • D1
  • Cooling
  • Vasodilation
  • Sweating
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13
Q

Blocking the D1 receptors in the medial preoptic nucleus causes a _____ in body temperature.

A
  • Rise
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14
Q

In hypersensitive patients, blocking _____ receptors can cause a high fever.

A
  • D1
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15
Q

Fever may also be caused by cytokines, such as prostaglandin E2, that _____ the response of neurons in the _____ nucleus to dopamine.

A
  • Inhibit

- Medial preoptic

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16
Q

The interstitial nuclei of the hypothalamus are embedded in the medial preoptic nucleus. The nucleus designated INAH3 is the _____ interstitial nucleus of the anterior _____ as one counts from superior to inferior.

A
  • Third

- Hypothalamus

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17
Q

The third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus has different inputs and larger neurons in heterosexual men than in homosexual men. We thus assume that sexual orientation is determined by the _____ nucleus of the _____ and its connections.

A
  • Third interstitial

- Anterior hypothalamus

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18
Q

The female pheromone estratetraeneone stimulates the _____ nucleus of the _____ hypothalamus in heterosexual men but not in homosexual men.

A
  • Third interstitial

- Anterior

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19
Q

The optic chiasma is below and just behind the lamina terminalis. The supraoptic region of the hypothalamus is _____ optic chiasma and just behind the _____ nuclei in the lamina terminalis.

A
  • Above (superior)

- Preoptic

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20
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the most inferior nucleus of the supraoptic region. It lies on the superior surface of the _____ and receives a small input from it.

A
  • Optic chiasma
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21
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives input from the intrinsically photreceptive ganglion cells of the retina via the _____ and uses this input to regulate one’s circadian rhythm.

A
  • Optic chiasma
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22
Q

Melatonin secreted by the _____ gland reaches the suprachiasmatic nucleus through the _____ and contributes to setting the _____ rhythm.

A
  • Pineal
  • Blood
  • Circadian
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23
Q

Circadian rhythm is synchronized with daylight by the input of the _____ of the retina and to the _____ nucleus.

A
  • Intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells

- Suprachiasmatic

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24
Q

The anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus sits above the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the medial part of the _____ region. Despite its name, the “anterior nucleus” of the hypothalamus must be posterior to the _____ nucleus of the hypothalamus.

A
  • Supraoptic

- Medial preoptic

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25
Q

The anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus initiates parasympathetic nervous activity. Axons of neurons in the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus project to _____ nuclei in the brainstem and sacral levels of the _____.

A
  • Parasympathetic

- Spinal cord

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26
Q

Some projections of the medial preoptic nucleus to the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus initiate _____ of cutaneous blood vessels when one is overheated.

A
  • Dilation (vasodilation)
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27
Q

The anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus can send messages to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve to place the viscera in a “rest and recuperation” mode by diverting blood from skeletal muscle to the _____ tract.

A
  • Digestive
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28
Q

The _____ of the _____ is the highest parasympathetic nerve center. It projects to preganglionic _____ neurons in the _____ and _____.

A
  • Anterior nucleus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Patasympathetic
  • Brainstem
  • Spinal cord
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29
Q

The paraventricular nucleus is superior to the anterior nucleus in the medial part of the wall of the _____ ventricle. The paraventricular nucleus bulges slightly into the lumen of the _____.

A
  • Third

- Third ventricle

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30
Q

Nursing causes the paraventricular nucleus to secrete oxytocin which reaches circulation via the neurohypophysis and causes “let down” (i.e., delivery) of _____ in a nursing mother.

A
  • Milk
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31
Q

Collateral branches of the axons to the neurohypophysis project to the nucleus accumbens where oxytocin promotes affection between _____ and _____.

A
  • Mother

- Child

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32
Q

A massage will also cause the collateral branches of axons from the _____ to release _____ in the nucleus accumbens and promote affection between the recipient and the giver.

A
  • Paraventricular nucleus

- Oxytocin

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33
Q

The supraoptic nucleus is lateral to the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus. The supraoptic nucleus is thus the lateral part of the _____ group of hypothalamic nuclei.

A
  • Supraoptic
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34
Q

Unlike the suprachiasmatic, anterior, and paraventricular nuclei, the supraoptic nucleus does not make contact with the lumen of the _____.

A
  • Third ventricle
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35
Q

Like the paraventricular nucleus, the supraoptic nucleus sends its axons down the pituitary stalk and release its hormones into the capillary bed of the _____.

A
  • Neurohypophysis
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36
Q

Although the supraoptic nucleus secretes some oxytocin, its principal secretion is
anti-diuretic hormone which _____ diuresis (i.e., excessive urination).

37
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone is synthesized in the _____ and released in the _____.

A
  • Supraoptic nucleus

- Neurohypophysis

38
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone prevents _____ by promoting _____ recovery by the medullary collecting tubule of the _____.

A
  • Excessive urination (diuresis)
  • Water
  • Kidney
39
Q

The middle region of the hypothalamus is the tuberal region which is just _____ to the supraoptic region.

40
Q

The tuberal region lies just above the _____ cinereum and the pituitary _____.

A
  • Tuber

- Stalk

41
Q

The only midline nucleus of the hypothalamus, the arcuate nucleus, lines the floor and lower walls of the _____ ventricle in the tuberal region of the hypothalamus.

42
Q

The most inferior nucleus of the tuberal region of the hypothalamus is the _____ which is just above (superior to) the _____.

A
  • Arcuate nucleus

- Tuber cinereum

43
Q

The tuber cinereum is a bulge created by the presence of the _____ between the floor of the third ventricle and the roof of the interpeduncular cistern of the subarachnoid space.

A
  • Arcuate nucleus
44
Q

The arcuate nucleus controls metabolism by secreting somatotropin releasing hormone, dopamine, and thyrotropin releasing hormone into capillaries feeding the _____.

A
  • Hypophyseal portal veins
45
Q

The adenohypophysis is called the “master gland,” but its master is the _____ of the hypothalamus.

A
  • Arcuate nucleus
46
Q

Not only does the arcuate nucleus control _____, it also controls the fuel supply for sustaining metabolism by controlling appetite.

A
  • Metabolism
47
Q

The appetite center in the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus and the satiety center in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus are both controlled by neurons in the _____ nucleus of the hypothalamus.

48
Q

The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is in contact with the lateral surface of the arcuate nucleus, and the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus is just lateral to the ventromedial nucleus. Both the ventromedial and lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus are considered part of the _____ region of the hypothalamus.

49
Q

Projections of neurons in the arcuate nucleus stimulate appetite by releasing neuropeptide Y in the _____ center in the _____ nucleus of the hypothalamus.

A
  • Appetite (eating)

- Lateral

50
Q

Ghrelin from an empty stomach stimulates the release of _____ from axons of the neurons in the arcuate nucleus.

A
  • Neuropeptide Y
51
Q

Neuropeptide Y stimulates the ____________ ___¬¬______ of the hypothalamus.

A
  • Lateral nucleus
52
Q

Projections of the __________ _________ of the ________________ to the prefrontal cortex create appetite.

A
  • Lateral nucleus

- Hypothalamus

53
Q

The satiety center in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is also controlled by projections of neurons in the ____________ _________.

A
  • Arcuate nucleus
54
Q

Axon endings of neurons in the arcuate nucleus stimulate the satiety center in the _____________ ________ by releasing -MSH.

A
  • Ventromedial nucleus
55
Q

Leptin secreted by overstuffed fat cells stimulates the secretion of -MSH by neurons in the __________ __________.

A
  • Arcuate nucleus
56
Q

Stimulation of the satiety center by ________ causes the satiety center to inhibit the ____________ center in the __________ ________ of the _____________.

A
  • Alpha-MSH
  • Appetite
  • Lateral nucleus
  • Hypothalamus
57
Q

Appetite is regulated by the balance between the release of _____ and the release of _____ by projections of the _____ to the _____ and _____ nuclei of the hypothalamus.

A
  • Alpha-MSH
  • Neuropeptide Y
  • Arcuate nucleus
  • Ventromedial
  • Lateral
58
Q

Lesions in the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus cause _____.

A
  • Hyperphagia (grossly excessive appetite)
59
Q

Lesions in the lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus cause life-threatening _____.

60
Q

The posterior region of the hypothalamus is _____ to the tuberal region.

61
Q

Because its lowest nuclei are in the mammillary bodies, the posterior region is usually called the _____ region of the hypothalamus.

A
  • Mammillary
62
Q

The mammillary region of the hypothalamus is _____ to the tuberal region and includes the _____ bodies and the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus.

A
  • Posterior

- Mammillary

63
Q

The mammillary bodies are a critical part of the emotional and episodic memory circuit known as the Papez circuit. They process and project _____ and _____ memory from the hippocampus to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus.

A
  • Emotional

- Episodic

64
Q

The anterior nucleus of the thalamus receives input from the ipsilateral _____ body via the mammillothalamic tract.

A
  • Mammillary
65
Q

The anterior nucleus of the thalamus projects to the cingulate gyrus of the _____.

A
  • Cerebral cortex
66
Q

The cingulate gyrus completes the Papez circuit by projecting to the _____ via the parahippocampal gyrus.

A
  • Hippocampus
67
Q

The hippocampus restarts the _____ circuit by projecting to the ipsilateral _____ via the fornix.

A
  • Mammillary body
68
Q

Damage to the mammillary bodies produces a lack of _____ or apathy because the _____ circuit is interrupted.

A
  • Emotion

- Papez

69
Q

In Wernicke’s encephalopathy, the mammillary bodies have been damaged by a lack of _____.

A
  • Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
70
Q

The most posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus is appropriately named the _____.

A
  • Posterior nucleus
71
Q

The mammillary bodies are the inferior part of the _____ region, and the posterior nuclei are the _____ part of the mammillary region.

A
  • Mammillary

- Superior

72
Q

The posterior nuclei are _____ to the mammillary bodies.

73
Q

The anterior and posterior hypothalamic nuclei are at _____ ends of the hypothalamus and have opposing roles. The anterior nucleus stimulates _____ functions. The posterior nucleus stimulates _____ functions.

A
  • Opposite
  • Parasympathetic
  • Sympathetic
74
Q

Axons of neurons in the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus synapse on _____ neurons in the _____ and _____ levels of the _____.

A
  • Preganglionic parasympathetic
  • Brainstem
  • Sacral
  • Spinal cord
75
Q

Axons of neurons in the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus synapse on _____ neurons in the _____ and _____ levels of the _____.

A
  • Preganglionic sympathetic
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Spinal cord
76
Q

The anterior nucleus _____ the heart rate and _____ peristalsis; the posterior nucleus _____ the heart rate and _____ peristalsis.

A
  • Slows (decreases)
  • Increases (accelerates)
  • Increases (accelerates)
  • Decreases (slows/inhibits)
77
Q

The preoptic region of the hypothalamus contains the _____ nucleus in which the interstitial nuclei of the hypothalamus are embedded.

A
  • Medial preoptic
78
Q

INAH3 determines _____.

A
  • Sexual orientation
79
Q

The dorsal medial preoptic nucleus responds to _____ released by axons ascending from the pons by directing _____ processes.

A
  • Dopamine

- Cooling

80
Q

The ventral medial preoptic nucleus secretes _____.

A
  • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
81
Q

The anterior nucleus and the _____ and _____ nuclei are dorsal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus.

A
  • Suprachiasmatic

- Paraventricular

82
Q

The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei secrete _____ and _____.

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone

- Oxytocin

83
Q

The _____ nucleus surrounds the hypothalamic recess of the third ventricle in the tuberal region.

84
Q

The arcuate nucleus secretes _____, and _____ into the hypophyseal portal veins.

A
  • Thyrotropin releasing hormone

- Somatotropin releasing hormone

85
Q

The arcuate nucleus stimulates appetite by releasing _____ in the _____ nucleus of the hypothalamus.

A
  • Neuropeptide Y

- Lateral

86
Q

The arcuate nucleus reduces appetite by releasing _____ in the _____ nucleus.

A
  • Alpha-MSH

- Medial

87
Q

As part of the _____ circuit, a mammillary body receives projections from the _____ via the _____ and projects to the _____ nucleus of the _____.

A
  • Papez
  • Hippocampus
  • Fornix
  • Anterior
  • Thalamus
88
Q

The mammillary bodies processes _____ and _____.

A
  • Emotions

- Episodic memory

89
Q

The posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus which controls the _____ is just _____ to a mammillary body.

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system

- Dorsal (superior)

Neuroanatomy (21 decks)

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