Chapter 22: Auditory Pathways Flashcards
VIII was once called the auditory nerve because it is the nerve of _____.
- Hearing
Many anatomists objected to calling VIII the auditory nerve because it serves the function of hearing as well as the function of _____.
- Balance
The central processes of _____ in the vestibular ganglion and the spiral ganglion of the cochlea synapse on neurons in the nuclei of VIII.
- Primary sensory neurons
VIII is now called the vestibulocochlear nerve because it carries information from the _____ ganglion and the spiral ganglion of the _____.
- Vestibular
- Cochlea
Although some mnemonics still refer to VIII as the _____ nerve, VIII is formally called the _____ nerve.
- Auditory
- Vestibulocochlear nerve
The vestibulocochlear nerve enters the _____ at the border between the medulla and the pons.
- Brainstem
The vestibulocochlear nerve is assigned to the medulla although 1/3 of its nuclei are in the lower _____.
- Pons
Four nuclei of VIII are in the upper _____, and 2 nuclei of VIII are in the lower _____.
- Medulla
- Pons
Most of the nuclei of the vestibulocochlear nerve that are assigned to the upper medulla extend a short distance into the _____, and one nucleus assigned to the lower pons extends a short distance into the _____.
- Lower pons
- Upper medulla
The dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei and the inferior and medial vestibular nuclei of VIII are in the upper medulla; the lateral and superior vestibular nuclei of VIII are in the _____.
- Lower pons
The dorsal cochlear nucleus is in the _____ dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncle.
- Upper medulla
The dorsal cochlear nucleus is _____ to the inferior cerebellar peduncle.
- Dorsolateral
The dorsal cochlear nucleus is in the _____ between the _____ and the lateral aperture of the 4th ventricle.
- Upper medulla
- Inferior cerebellar peduncle
The ventral cochlear nucleus is in the _____ anterior to the dorsal cochlear nucleus.
- Upper medulla
Auditory information reaches the ipsilateral ventral (anterior) and dorsal (posterior) cochlear nuclei of the medulla in the cochlear division of the _____ nerve.
- Vestibulocochlear
The spiral ganglion of the cochlea sends auditory information to the ipsilateral _____ and _____ nuclei.
- Ventral
- Dorsal
The central processes of the axons of spiral ganglion cells branch with the ventral branch synapsing in the ipsilateral _____ and the dorsal branch synapsing in the ipsilateral _____.
- Ventral cochlear nucleus
- Dorsal cochlear nucleus
Each sound frequency is detected in a specific spot in the cochlea, and each sound frequency synapses in a specific spot in the _____ dorsal cochlear nucleus, and each sound frequency synapsing in 3 specific spots in the _____ ventral cochlear nucleus.
- Ipsilateral
- Ipsilateral
The dedication of a linear array of places to specific sound _____ is called tonotopic organization.
- Frequency (pitch)
The dorsal cochlear nucleus and each of the 3 parts of the ventral cochlear nucleus have independent _____ organizations.
- Tonotopic
Tonotopic organization is preserved in the projections of the _____ and _____.
- Dorsal
- Ventral cochlear nuclei
_____ is preserved in all pathways from the cochlea to the nucleus of the inferior colliculus in the lower midbrain.
- Tonotopic organization
The nucleus of the inferior colliculus is inside the _____ in the _____.
- Inferior colliculus
- Lower midbrain
Directly or indirectly, each nucleus of the _____ receives tonotopically organized information from both dorsal cochlear nuclei and both ventral cochlear nuclei.
- Inferior colliculus
Auditory information from the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei reaches the _____ of the _____ through the lateral lemniscus.
- Nucleus
- Inferior colliculus
Some projections of the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei to the _____ of the _____ are direct.
- Nucleus
- Inferior colliculus
Indirect projections of the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei to the _____ are relayed by the superior olivary complex in the lower pons and the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus at the mid-pontine level.
- Nucleus of the inferior colliculus
Some auditory information relayed to the _____ from the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei crosses from left to right and vice-versa one to four times.
- Nucleus of the inferior colliculus
The first crossing of auditory information is between the ventral cochlear nucleus and the superior olivary complex of the _____.
- Lower pons
The second crossing of auditory information is between the _____ of the lower pons and nucleus of the lateral lemniscus in the mid-pons.
- Superior olivary nucleus
The third crossing of auditory information is between the _____ of the _____ in the mid-pons and the nucleus of the inferior colliculus.
- Nuclei
- Lateral lemniscus
Some auditory information crosses from the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus to the _____ nucleus of the inferior colliculus and some information crosses from one nucleus of the lateral lemniscus to the _____ nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.
- Contralateral
- Contralateral
Because the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus are at the same level, their projections to each other are called a _____.
- Commissure
The _____ of the _____ is at the mid-pontine level.
- Commissure
- Lateral lemnisci
The final crossing of auditory information is the _____ in which the nuclei of the inferior colliculi project to each other.
- Commissure of the inferior colliculi
The nuclei of the auditory system can detect the direction to the source of a sound by comparing the time delay between the arrival of information from the _____.
- Right and left ears
Because the _____, the nuclei of the _____, and the nuclei of the _____ receive both crossed and uncrossed auditory information, all can participate in detecting the source of a sound.
- Superior olivary complex
- Lateral lemniscus
- Inferior colliculus
The nucleus of the inferior colliculus receives information directly or indirectly from both nuclei of the _____, both _____, and both _____, but it projects to only the ipsilateral medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
- Lateral lemniscus
- Superior olivary complexes
- Cochlear nuclei
The nucleus of the inferior colliculus projects to the ipsilateral _____ of the thalamus through the brachium of the inferior colliculus.
- Medial geniculate nucleus
The medial geniculate nucleus of the _____ receives information from the _____ nucleus of the inferior colliculus through the _____ of the inferior colliculus.
- Thalamus
- Ipsilateral
- Brachium
Due to the many crossings of auditory information in the brainstem, each _____ is conscious of _____.
- Medial geniculate nucleus
- Sound in both ears
Each medial geniculate nucleus is conscious of sound in both ears even ‘though it receives projections from only the ipsilateral _____ of the _____.
- Nucleus
- Inferior colliculus
The medial geniculate nucleus receives projections from the _____ nucleus of the inferior colliculus through the _____ of the _____.
- Ipsilateral
- Brachium
- Inferior colliculus
