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Neuroanatomy > Chapter 31: Cytoarchitecture of the Cerebellum > Flashcards

Chapter 31: Cytoarchitecture of the Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by the _____ peduncles.

A
  • Cerebellar
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2
Q

The cerebellum is connected to the pons by the _____.

A
  • Middle cerebellar peduncles
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3
Q

The cerebellum is connected to the medulla by the _____.

A
  • Inferior cerebellar peduncle
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4
Q

The cerebellum is connected to the midbrain by the _____.

A
  • Superior cerebellar peduncle
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5
Q

The fibers in the middle cerebellar peduncle are axons of neurons in the _____.

A
  • Pontine nuclei
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6
Q

The fibers from all 3 cerebellar peduncles are distributed to the overlying cerebellar cortex in a tree of white matter called the arbor vitae due to its resemblance to the leaves of the _____ tree.

A
  • Arbor vitae
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7
Q

The arbor vitae is deep to the _____.

A
  • Cerebellar cortex
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8
Q

The pontine nuclei are in the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Base

- Pons

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9
Q

The neurons in the pontine nuclei receive input from neurons in the ipsilateral _____.

A
  • Cerebral cortex
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10
Q

The pontine nuclei project to the cerebellar cortex through the contralateral _____.

A
  • Middle cerebellar peduncle
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11
Q

Deep to the cortex of the cerebellum, the pontocerebellar fibers are part of the _____.

A
  • Arbor vitae
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12
Q

The axons of neurons in the pontine nuclei pass through the _____ to synapse on granule cells in the deep layer of the cerebellar cortex.

A
  • Arbor vitae
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13
Q

The axon of each neuron in the pontine nuclei synapses on several _____.

A
  • Granule cells
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14
Q

Most of the neurons in the _____ layer of the cerebellar _____ are granule cells.

A
  • Deep (inner)

- Cortex

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15
Q

The deep layer of the cerebellar cortex is usually called the _____ cell layer.

A
  • Granule
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16
Q

An axon that synapses on granule cells is called a “mossy fiber” because it has many short branches like a tuft of _____.

A
  • Moss
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17
Q

Each granule cell sends an _____ into the superficial layer of the cerebellar cortex where it branches into 2 horizontal fibers (or parallel fibers).

A
  • Axon
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18
Q

Horizontal fibers are branches of axons of _____ that run parallel to the surface of the cerebellum in the molecular layer, which is the superficial layer of the cerebellar cortex.

A
  • Granule cells
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19
Q

The horizontal fibers synapse on the dendrites of Purkinje cells in the _____ layer of the _____.

A
  • Molecular layer

- Cerebellar cortex

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20
Q

Each horizontal fiber synapses on the _____ of several Purkinje cells in the molecular layer.

A
  • Dendrites
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21
Q

Although their branching dendrites are in the _____ layer, the huge perikarya of the Purkinje cells are in the middle layer of the cerebellar cortex, which is usually called the Purkinje cell layer.

A
  • Molecular
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22
Q

The pattern of _____ in the deep later, _____ in the middle layer, and _____ of _____ in the superficial layer is repeated throughout the cortex of the cerebellum.

A
  • Granule cells
  • Purkinje fibers
  • Dendrites
  • Purkinje cells
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23
Q

Granule cells get input from _____ fibers and project to Purkinje cells through _____ fibers.

A
  • Horizontal

- Mossy fibers

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24
Q

The arbor vitae contains axons of neurons in the _____ that are distributed to the cerebellar cortex and axons of Purkinje cells leaving the cerebellar cortex.

A
  • Pontine nuclei
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25
Q

The cerebellar cortex is folded around the twigs of the _____ to form folia (literally, leaves).

A
  • Arbor vitae
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26
Q

The restiform body is made up of axons in the _____, the _____, and the _____.

A
  • Posterior spinocerebellar tract
  • Cuneocerebellar tract
  • Olivocerebellar tract
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27
Q

All axons in the restiform body project to the cortex of the _____.

A
  • Cerebellum
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28
Q

Each of the axons from the posterior spinocerebellar tract and the cuneocerebellar tract synapse on several granule cells in the _____ layer of the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Deep (granular)
  • Cortex
  • Cerebellum
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29
Q

Thus, axons in the posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts end as _____ fibers on _____ cells.

A
  • Mossy

- Granule

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30
Q

The axons of neurons in the inferior olivary nuclei also enter the cerebellum as part of the _____.

A
  • Restiform body
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31
Q

The axon of an inferior olivary nucleus neuron has a few branches each of which climbs up the dendrites of a single Purkinje cell in the _____ layer of the _____ of the _____.

A
  • Molecular
  • Cortex
  • Cerebellum
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32
Q

The branches of the axons of inferior olivary nucleus neurons are called climbing fibers because they _____ up the dendrites of Purkinje cells.

A
  • Climb
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33
Q

A climbing fiber synapses on the dendrites of _____ Purkinje cell, but a horizontal fiber synapses on the dendrites of _____ Purkinje cells.

A
  • A few

- Many

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34
Q

Climbing fibers come only from the _____ _____.

A
  • Contralateral

- Inferior olivary nucleus

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35
Q

Mossy fibers come from contralateral _____ or the ipsilateral _____ and _____ tracts.

A
  • Pontine nuclei
  • Posterior spinocerebellar
  • Cuneocerebellar
36
Q

The pontine nuclei project to the cerebellum through the _____.

A
  • Middle cerebellar peduncle
37
Q

The posterior spinocerebellar tract and the cuneocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum as part of the _____.

A
  • Inferior cerebellar peduncle (or restiform body)
38
Q

Most axons from pontine nuclei synapse in the lateral part of the _____ cerebellar cortex.

A
  • Contralateral
39
Q

Most axons in the spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts synapse in the central part of the _____ cerebellar cortex.

A
  • Ipsilateral
40
Q

All information reaching the cerebellar cortex eventually reaches _____ cells whose axons project to the deep cerebellar nuclei.

A
  • Purkinje cells
41
Q

The deep cerebellar nuclei are often called the roof nuclei because most are in the _____ of the 4th ventricle.

A
  • Roof
42
Q

Since “juxta” is Latin for beside, the juxtarestiform body is beside the _____.

A
  • Restiform body
43
Q

The restiform body is the lateral 4/5 of the _____.

A
  • Inferior cerebellar peduncle
44
Q

The _____ of the inferior cerebellar peduncle is the juxtarestiform body in which fibers project to and from the cortex of the cerebellum.

A
  • Medial 1/5
45
Q

All axons in the restiform body project to the cortex of the _____, but some axons in the juxtarestiform body project _____ the cortex of the cerebellum _____ vestibular nuclei.

A
  • Cerebellum
  • From
  • To
46
Q

The cerebellar connections of the vestibular nuclei with the cerebellum make up the medial 1/5 of the inferior cerebellar peduncle which is called the _____.

A
  • Juxtarestiform body
47
Q

The inferior cerebellar peduncle enters the _____ on the medial side of the middle cerebellar peduncle.

A
  • Cerebellum
48
Q

The inferior cerebellar peduncle enters the cerebellum _____ to the middle cerebellar peduncle and lateral to the 4th ventricle.

A
  • Medial
49
Q

The inferior cerebellar peduncle enters the cerebellum between the _____ and the _____.

A
  • Middle cerebellar peduncle

- 4th ventricle

50
Q

The 4th ventricle is _____ to the juxtarestiform body, the juxtarestiform body is _____ to the restiform body, and the restiform body is _____ to the middle cerebellar peduncle.

A
  • Medial
  • Medial
  • Medial
51
Q

Axons from the vestibular nuclei are mossy fibers that synapse on _____ in the cerebellar cortex.

A
  • Granule cells
52
Q

A few axons from the vestibular ganglion accompany the axons from the vestibular nuclei entering the cerebellum in the _____.

A
  • Juxtarestiform body
53
Q

Granule cells project to _____ via _____ fibers.

A
  • Purkinje cells

- Horizontal

54
Q

Granule cells receiving vestibular projections synapse on _____ that project to the fastigial nuclei in the center of the roof of the 4th ventricle.

A
  • Pirkinje cells
55
Q

Granule cells in the cerebellar cortex receive projections from the _____ and the _____ through the juxtarestiform body.

A
  • Vestibular nuclei

- Vestibular ganglion

56
Q

The granule cells receiving vestibular input through the _____ are in the cortex of the flocculonodular lobe which formed from the caudal edge of the roof of the metencephalon.

A
  • Juxtarestiform body
57
Q

The flocculonodular lobe formed from the _____ edge of the roof of the metencephalon.

A
  • Posterior
58
Q

The granule cells receiving vestibular input project to Purkinje cells in the cortex of the _____ lobe.

A
  • Flocculonodular
59
Q

Because it receives vestibular input, the _____ is concerned with balance.

A
  • Flocculonodular lobe
60
Q

The _____ is often called the vestibulocerebellum.

A
  • Flocculonodular lobe
61
Q

Because they receive projections of Purkinje cells in the _____, the fastigial nuclei are primarily concerned with _____.

A
  • Flocculonodular lobe

- Balance

62
Q

As the roof of the metencephalon grew, the caudal (or inferior) edge which became the flocculonodular lobe was tucked under the rest of the cerebellum so that the _____ lobe is positioned superior to the posterior lobe in the middle of the anterior surface of the cerebellum.

A
  • Flocculonodular
63
Q

The nodulus is in the center of the _____ lobe, and the paired flocculi extend laterad from it.

A
  • Flocculonodular
64
Q

The entire cortex of the cerebellum is folded into leaflets called folia (singular:folium) which _____ its surface area.

A
  • Increase
65
Q

The grooves between the _____ of the cerebellar cortex are called sulci (singular; sulcus).

A
  • Folia
66
Q

The _____ in the flocculus and nodulus project to the fastigial nuclei in the center of the _____ of the 4th ventricle.

A
  • Purkinje cells

- Roof

67
Q

The Purkinje cells in each flocculus project only to the ipsilateral _____, but each fastigial nucleus projects bilaterally to the vestibular nuclei.

A
  • Fastigial nucleus
68
Q

The Purkinje cells on each side of the nodulus project to only the ipsilateral _____, but each fastigial nucleus projects bilaterally to the vestibular nuclei.

A
  • Fastigial nucleus
69
Q

The vestibular nuclei receive direct projections from both _____ and from Purkinje cells in the ipsilateral flocculus.

A
  • Fastigial nuclei
70
Q

The vestibular nuclei receive direct projections from both _____ and from Purkinje cells in the ipsilateral side of the nodulus.

A
  • Fastigial nuclei
71
Q

The fastigial nuclei project _____ to the vestibular nuclei and the reticular formation of the pons and medulla.

A
  • Bilaterally
72
Q

The pontine and medullary reticular formations receive projections from both _____ but not from Purkinje cells in the flocculonodular cortex.

A
  • Fastigial nuclei
73
Q

The Purkinje cells that project to the vestibular nuclei are the only Purkinje cells whose axons do not synapse in _____.

A
  • Deep cerebellar peduncle (cerebellar roof nuclei)
74
Q

The fastigial nuclei and some _____ in the flocculi and nodulus project to the vestibular nuclei through the juxtarestiform body.

A
  • Purkinje cells
75
Q

The juxtarestiform body contains fibers that carry messages _____ and _____ the cerebellum, but the restiform body contains only fibers that carry messages _____ the cerebellum.

A
  • To

- From

76
Q

The juxtarestiform body is _____ to the restiform body in the _____.

A
  • Medial

- Inferior cerebellar peduncle

77
Q

Axons in the posterior spinocerebellar tract and cuneocerebellar tract enter the arbor vitae as part of the _____.

A
  • Ipsilateral

- Restiform body

78
Q

The _____ is composed of all axons to and from the cerebellar cortex.

A
  • Arbor vitae
79
Q

Axons in the posterior spinocerebellar tract and cuneocerebellar tract enter the cerebellar cortex as _____ fibers that synapse on _____ cells.

A
  • Mossy

- Granule

80
Q

Axons of neurons in the pontine nuclei end in the _____ cerebellar cortex as _____ fibers that synapse on _____ cells.

A
  • Contralateral
  • Mossy
  • Granule
81
Q

Each granule cell projects to the dendrites of many _____ cells through _____ fibers.

A
  • Purkinje

- Horizontal (parallel)

82
Q

Axons of neurons in the inferior and accessory olivary nuclei enter the _____ arbor vitae and split into _____ fibers

A
  • Contralateral

- Climbing

83
Q

Each climbing fiber makes _____ synapses with the _____ of _____.

A
  • Many
  • Dendrites
  • One
  • Purkinje cell
84
Q

Purkinje cells in the flocculonodular lobes project to the _____ nuclei and the _____ nuclei.

A
  • Fastigial

- Vestibular

85
Q

Fastigial nuclei project _____ to the _____ and the _____ of the brainstem through the _____.

A
  • Bilaterally
  • Vestibular nuclei
  • Reticular formation
  • Juxtarestiform body
86
Q

Except for those in the flocculonodular lobe, Purkinje cells project only to _____ nuclei.

A
  • Deep cerebellar
87
Q

Except for the fastigial nucleus, all deep cerebellar nuclei project to the _____ and the thalamus through the _____.

A
  • Red nucleus

- Superior cerebellar peduncle

Neuroanatomy (21 decks)

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