Chapter 31: Cytoarchitecture of the Cerebellum Flashcards
The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by the _____ peduncles.
- Cerebellar
The cerebellum is connected to the pons by the _____.
- Middle cerebellar peduncles
The cerebellum is connected to the medulla by the _____.
- Inferior cerebellar peduncle
The cerebellum is connected to the midbrain by the _____.
- Superior cerebellar peduncle
The fibers in the middle cerebellar peduncle are axons of neurons in the _____.
- Pontine nuclei
The fibers from all 3 cerebellar peduncles are distributed to the overlying cerebellar cortex in a tree of white matter called the arbor vitae due to its resemblance to the leaves of the _____ tree.
- Arbor vitae
The arbor vitae is deep to the _____.
- Cerebellar cortex
The pontine nuclei are in the _____ of the _____.
- Base
- Pons
The neurons in the pontine nuclei receive input from neurons in the ipsilateral _____.
- Cerebral cortex
The pontine nuclei project to the cerebellar cortex through the contralateral _____.
- Middle cerebellar peduncle
Deep to the cortex of the cerebellum, the pontocerebellar fibers are part of the _____.
- Arbor vitae
The axons of neurons in the pontine nuclei pass through the _____ to synapse on granule cells in the deep layer of the cerebellar cortex.
- Arbor vitae
The axon of each neuron in the pontine nuclei synapses on several _____.
- Granule cells
Most of the neurons in the _____ layer of the cerebellar _____ are granule cells.
- Deep (inner)
- Cortex
The deep layer of the cerebellar cortex is usually called the _____ cell layer.
- Granule
An axon that synapses on granule cells is called a “mossy fiber” because it has many short branches like a tuft of _____.
- Moss
Each granule cell sends an _____ into the superficial layer of the cerebellar cortex where it branches into 2 horizontal fibers (or parallel fibers).
- Axon
Horizontal fibers are branches of axons of _____ that run parallel to the surface of the cerebellum in the molecular layer, which is the superficial layer of the cerebellar cortex.
- Granule cells
The horizontal fibers synapse on the dendrites of Purkinje cells in the _____ layer of the _____.
- Molecular layer
- Cerebellar cortex
Each horizontal fiber synapses on the _____ of several Purkinje cells in the molecular layer.
- Dendrites
Although their branching dendrites are in the _____ layer, the huge perikarya of the Purkinje cells are in the middle layer of the cerebellar cortex, which is usually called the Purkinje cell layer.
- Molecular
The pattern of _____ in the deep later, _____ in the middle layer, and _____ of _____ in the superficial layer is repeated throughout the cortex of the cerebellum.
- Granule cells
- Purkinje fibers
- Dendrites
- Purkinje cells
Granule cells get input from _____ fibers and project to Purkinje cells through _____ fibers.
- Horizontal
- Mossy fibers
The arbor vitae contains axons of neurons in the _____ that are distributed to the cerebellar cortex and axons of Purkinje cells leaving the cerebellar cortex.
- Pontine nuclei
The cerebellar cortex is folded around the twigs of the _____ to form folia (literally, leaves).
- Arbor vitae
The restiform body is made up of axons in the _____, the _____, and the _____.
- Posterior spinocerebellar tract
- Cuneocerebellar tract
- Olivocerebellar tract
All axons in the restiform body project to the cortex of the _____.
- Cerebellum
Each of the axons from the posterior spinocerebellar tract and the cuneocerebellar tract synapse on several granule cells in the _____ layer of the _____ of the _____.
- Deep (granular)
- Cortex
- Cerebellum
Thus, axons in the posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts end as _____ fibers on _____ cells.
- Mossy
- Granule
The axons of neurons in the inferior olivary nuclei also enter the cerebellum as part of the _____.
- Restiform body
The axon of an inferior olivary nucleus neuron has a few branches each of which climbs up the dendrites of a single Purkinje cell in the _____ layer of the _____ of the _____.
- Molecular
- Cortex
- Cerebellum
The branches of the axons of inferior olivary nucleus neurons are called climbing fibers because they _____ up the dendrites of Purkinje cells.
- Climb
A climbing fiber synapses on the dendrites of _____ Purkinje cell, but a horizontal fiber synapses on the dendrites of _____ Purkinje cells.
- A few
- Many
Climbing fibers come only from the _____ _____.
- Contralateral
- Inferior olivary nucleus
Mossy fibers come from contralateral _____ or the ipsilateral _____ and _____ tracts.
- Pontine nuclei
- Posterior spinocerebellar
- Cuneocerebellar
The pontine nuclei project to the cerebellum through the _____.
- Middle cerebellar peduncle
The posterior spinocerebellar tract and the cuneocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum as part of the _____.
- Inferior cerebellar peduncle (or restiform body)
Most axons from pontine nuclei synapse in the lateral part of the _____ cerebellar cortex.
- Contralateral
Most axons in the spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts synapse in the central part of the _____ cerebellar cortex.
- Ipsilateral
All information reaching the cerebellar cortex eventually reaches _____ cells whose axons project to the deep cerebellar nuclei.
- Purkinje cells
The deep cerebellar nuclei are often called the roof nuclei because most are in the _____ of the 4th ventricle.
- Roof
Since “juxta” is Latin for beside, the juxtarestiform body is beside the _____.
- Restiform body
The restiform body is the lateral 4/5 of the _____.
- Inferior cerebellar peduncle
The _____ of the inferior cerebellar peduncle is the juxtarestiform body in which fibers project to and from the cortex of the cerebellum.
- Medial 1/5
All axons in the restiform body project to the cortex of the _____, but some axons in the juxtarestiform body project _____ the cortex of the cerebellum _____ vestibular nuclei.
- Cerebellum
- From
- To
The cerebellar connections of the vestibular nuclei with the cerebellum make up the medial 1/5 of the inferior cerebellar peduncle which is called the _____.
- Juxtarestiform body
The inferior cerebellar peduncle enters the _____ on the medial side of the middle cerebellar peduncle.
- Cerebellum
The inferior cerebellar peduncle enters the cerebellum _____ to the middle cerebellar peduncle and lateral to the 4th ventricle.
- Medial
The inferior cerebellar peduncle enters the cerebellum between the _____ and the _____.
- Middle cerebellar peduncle
- 4th ventricle
The 4th ventricle is _____ to the juxtarestiform body, the juxtarestiform body is _____ to the restiform body, and the restiform body is _____ to the middle cerebellar peduncle.
- Medial
- Medial
- Medial
Axons from the vestibular nuclei are mossy fibers that synapse on _____ in the cerebellar cortex.
- Granule cells
A few axons from the vestibular ganglion accompany the axons from the vestibular nuclei entering the cerebellum in the _____.
- Juxtarestiform body
Granule cells project to _____ via _____ fibers.
- Purkinje cells
- Horizontal
Granule cells receiving vestibular projections synapse on _____ that project to the fastigial nuclei in the center of the roof of the 4th ventricle.
- Pirkinje cells
Granule cells in the cerebellar cortex receive projections from the _____ and the _____ through the juxtarestiform body.
- Vestibular nuclei
- Vestibular ganglion
The granule cells receiving vestibular input through the _____ are in the cortex of the flocculonodular lobe which formed from the caudal edge of the roof of the metencephalon.
- Juxtarestiform body
The flocculonodular lobe formed from the _____ edge of the roof of the metencephalon.
- Posterior
The granule cells receiving vestibular input project to Purkinje cells in the cortex of the _____ lobe.
- Flocculonodular
Because it receives vestibular input, the _____ is concerned with balance.
- Flocculonodular lobe
The _____ is often called the vestibulocerebellum.
- Flocculonodular lobe
Because they receive projections of Purkinje cells in the _____, the fastigial nuclei are primarily concerned with _____.
- Flocculonodular lobe
- Balance
As the roof of the metencephalon grew, the caudal (or inferior) edge which became the flocculonodular lobe was tucked under the rest of the cerebellum so that the _____ lobe is positioned superior to the posterior lobe in the middle of the anterior surface of the cerebellum.
- Flocculonodular
The nodulus is in the center of the _____ lobe, and the paired flocculi extend laterad from it.
- Flocculonodular
The entire cortex of the cerebellum is folded into leaflets called folia (singular:folium) which _____ its surface area.
- Increase
The grooves between the _____ of the cerebellar cortex are called sulci (singular; sulcus).
- Folia
The _____ in the flocculus and nodulus project to the fastigial nuclei in the center of the _____ of the 4th ventricle.
- Purkinje cells
- Roof
The Purkinje cells in each flocculus project only to the ipsilateral _____, but each fastigial nucleus projects bilaterally to the vestibular nuclei.
- Fastigial nucleus
The Purkinje cells on each side of the nodulus project to only the ipsilateral _____, but each fastigial nucleus projects bilaterally to the vestibular nuclei.
- Fastigial nucleus
The vestibular nuclei receive direct projections from both _____ and from Purkinje cells in the ipsilateral flocculus.
- Fastigial nuclei
The vestibular nuclei receive direct projections from both _____ and from Purkinje cells in the ipsilateral side of the nodulus.
- Fastigial nuclei
The fastigial nuclei project _____ to the vestibular nuclei and the reticular formation of the pons and medulla.
- Bilaterally
The pontine and medullary reticular formations receive projections from both _____ but not from Purkinje cells in the flocculonodular cortex.
- Fastigial nuclei
The Purkinje cells that project to the vestibular nuclei are the only Purkinje cells whose axons do not synapse in _____.
- Deep cerebellar peduncle (cerebellar roof nuclei)
The fastigial nuclei and some _____ in the flocculi and nodulus project to the vestibular nuclei through the juxtarestiform body.
- Purkinje cells
The juxtarestiform body contains fibers that carry messages _____ and _____ the cerebellum, but the restiform body contains only fibers that carry messages _____ the cerebellum.
- To
- From
The juxtarestiform body is _____ to the restiform body in the _____.
- Medial
- Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Axons in the posterior spinocerebellar tract and cuneocerebellar tract enter the arbor vitae as part of the _____.
- Ipsilateral
- Restiform body
The _____ is composed of all axons to and from the cerebellar cortex.
- Arbor vitae
Axons in the posterior spinocerebellar tract and cuneocerebellar tract enter the cerebellar cortex as _____ fibers that synapse on _____ cells.
- Mossy
- Granule
Axons of neurons in the pontine nuclei end in the _____ cerebellar cortex as _____ fibers that synapse on _____ cells.
- Contralateral
- Mossy
- Granule
Each granule cell projects to the dendrites of many _____ cells through _____ fibers.
- Purkinje
- Horizontal (parallel)
Axons of neurons in the inferior and accessory olivary nuclei enter the _____ arbor vitae and split into _____ fibers
- Contralateral
- Climbing
Each climbing fiber makes _____ synapses with the _____ of _____.
- Many
- Dendrites
- One
- Purkinje cell
Purkinje cells in the flocculonodular lobes project to the _____ nuclei and the _____ nuclei.
- Fastigial
- Vestibular
Fastigial nuclei project _____ to the _____ and the _____ of the brainstem through the _____.
- Bilaterally
- Vestibular nuclei
- Reticular formation
- Juxtarestiform body
Except for those in the flocculonodular lobe, Purkinje cells project only to _____ nuclei.
- Deep cerebellar
Except for the fastigial nucleus, all deep cerebellar nuclei project to the _____ and the thalamus through the _____.
- Red nucleus
- Superior cerebellar peduncle
