Chapter 32 :D Flashcards
Hong Xiuquan, the third son of a foor family, grew up in a
farming village in southern China, about 50 kilometers from Guangzhou
Although Hong Xiuquan was a bit arrogant, what did his neighbors make him
They made him village teacher, so he could study and prepare civil service exams. He became a christina missionary
What did Hong believe about Christianity?>
That God had charged him wth the establishment of a new order, one that necessitated the destruction of the Quing Dynasty
Society of God Worshipers, a
a reliigious society, recently founded by disgruntled peasants and miners. Hong soon became as the groups guiding force nad in teh summer of 1850, he led about 10 thousand followers
By the late seventeenth century, could th e ottoman empire expand anymore?
No, they suffered humilitating defeats on the battlefield
Who gave the ottomans especially humilitating defeats
Austrian and Russian forces
Why did the Ottomans loose so often?
Because their forces lagged behind European armies in strategy, tactics, weaponry, and training.
What happened to the Janissaries>?
They repeatedly mastermined palace cous since the 15 th century, and they soon became a powerful political force in the ottoman empire between 18-19 centuries
For the ottomans, loss of military power translated into what?
declining effectiveness of the central government which was looosing power in the provinces to its own officials.
By the early nineteenth century, what happened in the ottoman empire?
Semi independent governors and local notables had formed private armies of mercenaries and slaves to support th sultan in Istablu in return for recognition of aunotmy
What territories did the ottoman empire keep/ loose
Kept: Iraq and Anatolia
Lost: CAucus to Russia, and Buts from the Austrian empire, Greece, Serbia, and Egypt
How was Egypt lost?
in 1798, the French general Napoleon invaded Egypt in hopes of using as a springboard to attack British India
Who was the ultimate vicotr in Egypt?
It was Muhammad Ali, who buit a powerful army modeled on the European forces, and he ruled Egypt form 1805-1848.
How did Muhammad become victorius?
He drafted peasants to serve as infantry and he hired French and italian officers to train his troops. he also launched a program of industrialization concentrating con cotton textiles and armaments
When did Muhammed establish himself sucessfully as the leader of Egypt?
in 1820. He had established himself as the effective ruler of Egypt which was the mot poewrful land in in the Muslim world
MUhammed invaded which two places and threatened to capture..what?
He invaded Syria and Anatolia, and threatened to capture Istanbul
Why didn’t the Ottoman collapse?
Because the British intervened thinking that the collapse of such a state would result in dangerous Russian expansion
What happened Economically to the Ottoman empire?
There were many economic issues. The volume of trade passing through the Ottoman Empire devlined throughout the later seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as European merchants increaingly circumvented the ottomans
When European traders developed, they began to produce items that were reletively cheap, and usable, They began to flow into the ottoman empire, which placed
Pressure on Ottoman artisians and crafts workers who frequently led urban riots to protest against foreign imorts
Gradually, what economic state did the ottoman empire move to?
Fiscal insolvency and financial dependancy.
After the Middle of the ninettenth century, what did economic developmen tin the Ottoman Empire depend on?
heavily on foreign loans as European capital financed the constriction of railroads, utilities, minings
Nohing symbolized more than the what in the Ottoman Empire_–
the Capitulations, agreements, that xpempted European visitors from Ottoman law and provided European powers with extraterritorialitym right to exercise jurisdiction over thier own citizens
Why did Ottoman sultans sign capituations?
To avoid the burden of administering foreing merchants
In response to recurring and deepening crisis, what did Ottoman leaders launch?
A series of reforms that were designed to strengthen and preserve the state.
What did Sultan Selim III embark on?
A program to remodel the army on lines of the European style . It was equipped with modern weapons
What did Local rulers persuad Mahmud II to lanch?
His own reform, he wanted to make sure that no one got mad in the process
What other reforms did Mahmud make?
HIs government created a system of secondary education of boys to facilitate the transition from mosque schools which provided mostly primary education
TO make his authority more effective, what did the sultan establish?
European style ministries constructd new roads built telegraph lines, and inagurated a postal service
Continuing defeats on the battle fields and the rise of separatist movement sprompted the ruling class to
undertake restructing of the Ottoman state. The tempo of reform increased rapidly during the Tanzimat (reorganization).
Where did Tanzimat reformers draw inspiration from?
They drew it from the Englightenment
What did Tanzimat reformers attack?
Ottoman law with the aim of making it acceptable to European s so thhey could have the capitulations lifted
Using the _legal system as a guide, what did reformers do?
They promulgated a commercial code, a penal code, a maritime code, and a new civil code
Tanzimat reformers also issued decres that were designed to safguard the rights of subjects…jey among them were what?
measures that guarenteed public trials, rights of privacy and equality before the law for all Ottoman subjects.
A comprehensive educational reform took place and did what?
It provided for a complete system of primary and secondary schools leading to university level instruction under the supervision of the state ministry of education
Although reform and reorganization strengthened the Ottoman society, the Tanzimat provoked spirited people who did what?
Harsh critiism came from the religious conservatives. many devout Muslims viewed the extension of legal equality to Jews and Christians as an act contary to the basic principals of Islamic law
Young Ottomans
Athough they did not share a common political or religious program, their views ranged from secular revolution to uncompromising Islam.
What did the Young Ottomans want?
They wanted individual freedom, loca autonomy, and political decentralization. some wanted a government established on the lines of the British system
In 1876, A young group of radical dissidents from the Ottoman bureaucracy seized power in a coup and formed a cabinet that inclued reform, who was the sultan
Abdul Hamid II
Abdul Hamid II established
he accepted a constitution that limited his power and established a representattive government
Within a year, what did the Sultan do>
He suspended the constitution, dissolved parliament, and exiled many liberals and executed others.
What did Hamid continue to do?
He continued to develop the army and administration according to Tanzimat principles and he oversaw the formation of a police force, educattion
Abdl Hamid’s despotic rule generated many what?
liberal opposition groups, though inteded to strengthen the state, reform and reorganization undermined the position of the sultan. As Ot
When army officials recieved an education, what did they do>
They leanrned modern science nad technology but also became acquainted with European poliitical, social, and cultural traditions. Many of them fell out of favor of Hamid II and were exiled
Union of Progress or Young Turk Party
Many members were not young or Turkish, it was founded in 1889 by exiled Ottoman subjects living in Paris
What did the Young Turks promote?
They promoted the ideas of reform for universal suffrage equality before the law, freedom of religion, free public education,secularization of the state, and emancipation of women
In 1908, the Young Turks inspired an army coup that forced Abdl Hamid to do what?
Restore parliament and the constitution.
While pursuing reform wihtin Ottoman society, the Young Turks sought to maintain what?
Turkish hegemony in the larger empire, they worked to make Turkish the official language, even though many subjects spoke arabic or a slavic language. Young Trk policies agrivated tensions between Turkish rulers and subject peoples outside Anatolian heartland
Syria and Iraq were especially active regions of
Arab resistance to OTtoman rule Inspite of their efforts to shore up the ailing empire reformers could not turn th tide of decline
The nineteenth century tsars ruled a what?
multiethnic,Multiethnic, multicultural empire that streched from Poland to the Pacific Ocean
Half of the population spoke in what?
the Russian language or observed the Russian Orthodox faith.
The Romanov ttsars ruled their diverse and sprawling through
autocratic regime in which all initiative came from the centra administration
Who made up the vast population of Russia
Peasants-most of them were serfs
A respected and feared military power, Russia maintained its traditions of what?
conquest and expansion.
