Chapter 32 :D Flashcards
Hong Xiuquan, the third son of a foor family, grew up in a
farming village in southern China, about 50 kilometers from Guangzhou
Although Hong Xiuquan was a bit arrogant, what did his neighbors make him
They made him village teacher, so he could study and prepare civil service exams. He became a christina missionary
What did Hong believe about Christianity?>
That God had charged him wth the establishment of a new order, one that necessitated the destruction of the Quing Dynasty
Society of God Worshipers, a
a reliigious society, recently founded by disgruntled peasants and miners. Hong soon became as the groups guiding force nad in teh summer of 1850, he led about 10 thousand followers
By the late seventeenth century, could th e ottoman empire expand anymore?
No, they suffered humilitating defeats on the battlefield
Who gave the ottomans especially humilitating defeats
Austrian and Russian forces
Why did the Ottomans loose so often?
Because their forces lagged behind European armies in strategy, tactics, weaponry, and training.
What happened to the Janissaries>?
They repeatedly mastermined palace cous since the 15 th century, and they soon became a powerful political force in the ottoman empire between 18-19 centuries
For the ottomans, loss of military power translated into what?
declining effectiveness of the central government which was looosing power in the provinces to its own officials.
By the early nineteenth century, what happened in the ottoman empire?
Semi independent governors and local notables had formed private armies of mercenaries and slaves to support th sultan in Istablu in return for recognition of aunotmy
What territories did the ottoman empire keep/ loose
Kept: Iraq and Anatolia
Lost: CAucus to Russia, and Buts from the Austrian empire, Greece, Serbia, and Egypt
How was Egypt lost?
in 1798, the French general Napoleon invaded Egypt in hopes of using as a springboard to attack British India
Who was the ultimate vicotr in Egypt?
It was Muhammad Ali, who buit a powerful army modeled on the European forces, and he ruled Egypt form 1805-1848.
How did Muhammad become victorius?
He drafted peasants to serve as infantry and he hired French and italian officers to train his troops. he also launched a program of industrialization concentrating con cotton textiles and armaments
When did Muhammed establish himself sucessfully as the leader of Egypt?
in 1820. He had established himself as the effective ruler of Egypt which was the mot poewrful land in in the Muslim world
MUhammed invaded which two places and threatened to capture..what?
He invaded Syria and Anatolia, and threatened to capture Istanbul
Why didn’t the Ottoman collapse?
Because the British intervened thinking that the collapse of such a state would result in dangerous Russian expansion
What happened Economically to the Ottoman empire?
There were many economic issues. The volume of trade passing through the Ottoman Empire devlined throughout the later seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as European merchants increaingly circumvented the ottomans
When European traders developed, they began to produce items that were reletively cheap, and usable, They began to flow into the ottoman empire, which placed
Pressure on Ottoman artisians and crafts workers who frequently led urban riots to protest against foreign imorts
Gradually, what economic state did the ottoman empire move to?
Fiscal insolvency and financial dependancy.
After the Middle of the ninettenth century, what did economic developmen tin the Ottoman Empire depend on?
heavily on foreign loans as European capital financed the constriction of railroads, utilities, minings
Nohing symbolized more than the what in the Ottoman Empire_–
the Capitulations, agreements, that xpempted European visitors from Ottoman law and provided European powers with extraterritorialitym right to exercise jurisdiction over thier own citizens
Why did Ottoman sultans sign capituations?
To avoid the burden of administering foreing merchants
In response to recurring and deepening crisis, what did Ottoman leaders launch?
A series of reforms that were designed to strengthen and preserve the state.