Chapter 30 Flashcards
1827 , What did Betty Harris take a job as?
A drawer in a coal pit near Manchester, England.
What was a drawer’s job?
it involved crawiling under narrow mine shafts and hauling loads of coal from the bottom of the pit, where miners chipped it from the earth to the surface
What was coal used for back then?
It was used to power steam englines nad other mills
What were conditions for drawers like?
They were horrible, because they had to wear belts that often ripped their skin. Also the women had to endure sexual …harrasment?
What does Industrialization refer to?
A process that transformed agrarian handicraft- centered economies into economies distinguished by industry adn machine manufacture.
The principal feature in Industrial societies were?
technological and organizational changes that transformed manufacturing na dled to increased productivity. Critical to industrailzation were technological developments that made it possible to produce goods by machines rather than by hand tand that harnessed inanimate sources of energy.
By the mid 18th century, several areas of the world-…exhibited growing dynamic economis–these were?
Yangzi Delta in China, Hapan, and Great Britian
Why did areas develop?
SThey had high agricultural productivity in the regions, which resulted in population growth. This resulted in an increased population to work at tasks other than cultivation
What facilitated movement ..of products?
There were canals, and financial insititutions as well as cities and countires
What were ecological obstacles
Soil depletions and deforestation that threatened populationg rowth and consumtion levels
What played a huge role in the industrialization of Great BRitain>
COal, there was enough skills to extract this fuel and i created a promising framework for industrialiation.
What did the conquered and colonized land of the Mericas do for Europeans?
It lifted their land constraits by supplying European societies with a growing volume of primary products. During the eighteenth century, the slave based planatations o
The slave basedplantations of northeastern Brazil:
and the carribean socieities, and the southern United States suokued Eyripe with huge amounts of sugar and cotton,
What ddi one half of the proceeds from sugar exports pay for?
The importation of manufactured goods from Europe including cheap cotton cloth for slaves to wear.
During the 17th century, what was going on in India with the Englsh?
English consumers had become fond of calicoes, which were printed textiles from India. Cototn cloth came into demand because it was lighter to wash and quicker to dry than wool which was the principal fabric of European clothes befor ethe 19th century
Threatened by the popularity of cotton products, what did BRitish wool producers do?
THey convinced Parliament to pass a series of laws to protect the domestic woolindustry.
What were the Calico Acts of 1720-1721?
They prohibited imports of printed cotton cloth and restricted the sale of calicoes at home.
What did Jon Kay invent?
he invented the flying shuttle. This device speeded the weaving process up na dstimulated the demand for thread/ Within a few years, competitions among the inventors resulted in the creation of several mechanical spinning devices.
What was Samuel Cropton’s mule?
It was byuilt in 1779, Adapted for steam power by 1790, the mul became the device of choice for spinning cotton. It could produce a lot of cotton
What did the new spinnig machines create in manufacturing?
An imbalance because weavers could not keep up wiht the production of thread, so innovators turned thier attention next to weaving. In 1
In 1785, what did Edmund Cartwright patent?
A water driven power loom that inagurated an era of mechanical weaving. Within two decades, steeam moved te power loom and by the 1820s, it had largely supplemented hadn weavers
What ddi James Watt invent?
The general purpose steam engine. Steam engines burned coal to boil water and create steam which drove mechani
Steam engines burned coal to boil water and create steam which drove mechanical// but those devices consumed too much fuel to be useful for other purposes/ Watt’s version relied on steam to force a piston to turn a wheel///
What term do Watt’s temporaries use to measure energy generated by his steam engine?
horsepower to measure the energy generated
Innovation did not stop iwth cotton production and stam engines, the iron and steel industry also bene fitted
technological refinement nad the availability of inexpensive, high quality iron and steel reinforced as the move toward materialism
After 1709, what did British smelters begin to use?
coke, which was a purified form of coal, rather than more expensive charcoal as a ful to produce iron. Deforestation in England had made wood the principl source of charcoal
The ninteenth century was the age of what?
Steel, rather tahn iron. Steel is much harder, stronger and more resilient but until the ninteenth century, it was very expensive to produce…between 1740 and 1850 a series of improvements simpllified the process
Steam engineerign and metallurgical innovations both contributed to improvements in transportation technology James Watt’s steam engine did not adapt well to transport uses because it consumed too much coal. After his patent expired, what happened?
George Stephenson a self educated Englishmean built the first steam powered locomotive. Because they had the capacity to carry huge cargoes, railroads and steamships dramatically lowered transportaiton costs. They also contributed to the creation of dense transportation
Because they had the capacity to carry huge cargoes, railroads and steamships dramatically did what
reduced transportation costs. They also contributed ot the creation of dense networks that linked remote interior regions and distant shores
What did the factory system replace/
IT relaced the putting out system and the protoindustrial factoires and became the characteristic method of produciton in industrial economies. It began to emerge in teh late 18th centry
