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Chapter 18 Flashcards

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1
Q

Boucher left Paris

A

was captured by Mongol warriors

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2
Q

What did Boucher do in is captivity?

A

He lived at Karakorum and supervised fifty assistants in workshops that created silver things.

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3
Q

Was Boucher the only person to live at a European Court

A

No, many people had ventured to the Mongol Courts

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4
Q

By the early 14th century, what feat had the Mongol accomplished?

A

Hey had built the largest Empire in the world

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5
Q

How did Nomadic societies develop?

A

by adapting to ecological conditions of arid lands.

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6
Q

How do the nomadic societies develop in the

A

Central Asia did not receive enough rain to support large scale culture. Oases permitted the intense cultivation.

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7
Q

Nomadic people drove their herds into places where there was abundant vegetation. What did they learn to follow

A

Local seasons and climatic conditions

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8
Q

What things did they live off of

A

meat, milk, and hides of their animals

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9
Q

What did they use animal bones for?

A

tools adn they used animal dung as fuel for fires

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10
Q

What were Yurts

A

large tents that were made out of wool

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11
Q

How did the Mongols prepare an alcohol drink

A

out of mares milk. It was known as kumiss

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12
Q

How did the arid climate influence the development of human societies

A

It limited, oases could yield some agriculture

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13
Q

Nomads sought what:

A

opportunities to trade with settled peoples and the classical aera routes linked nomadic settlements

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14
Q

What were two classes?

A

Nobles and the commoners.

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15
Q

How did you become a noble

A

you won recognition and acquire prestige

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16
Q

Did nobles govern

A

No. But they wielded absolute authority in times of war

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17
Q

How was noble status passed?

A

`It was passed along to heirs

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18
Q

Could you loose your noble status?

A

Yes, it was very possible if they did not provide appropriate leadership

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19
Q

Commoners could

A

win recognition as nobles by outstanding conduct, courageous behaviour uring war

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20
Q

The earliest religion revolves around what

A

shamans, They were religious specialists who possessed supernatural powers, communicated with the gods and nature spirits.

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21
Q

Turkish people became attracted to what religion

A

Islam. Inherit beliefs were not abandoned

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22
Q

What caused conversion

A

trade with European counterparts

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23
Q

Who were the earliest converts to Islam

A

Turkish nomads captured in border raids by the Abbasid caliphate in the early ninth century

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24
Q

Slijuqs turned to Islam and migrated to

A

Iran in hopes of improving their fortune

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25
Q

Who was the ruler of a vast conferderation of subjects

A

Khans. Ruled through leaders of organized tribes

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26
Q

Nomadic people could wield enormous military power because of

A

outstanding cavalry forces

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27
Q

How did Nomads become so powerful

A

They learned to ride horses as children and they had superior equestrian skills

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28
Q

In 1055, the caliph recognized who as the sultan

A

Tughril Beg

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29
Q

Tughril first consolidated his rule where

A

In Baghdad and they extended to Syria, Palestine and other parts

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30
Q

Where did many Turks go

A

Led by Saljuqs they went to Anatoila 1071. At an army of Mazikert they defeated the Byzantine empire

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31
Q

1453 Ottoman Turks captured what

A

Constantinople

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32
Q

Mahmud of Chazni led Ghaznavids into

A

Afghanistan an dIndia

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33
Q

The Ghaznavids began campaigns in

A

early 11 century. They wanted to plunder

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34
Q

Soon, the Gs became interested in what

A

permanent rule. They asserted authority in Punjab, then Gujarat and Bengal

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35
Q

Several of the dlhi sultans concieved plans to do what

A

make an empire in South India

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36
Q

What cultural implications did Turkish rule have in India

A

Many buddhist and hindu establishments were destroyed. Conversion was encouraged in India

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37
Q

Tumujin was born when and into what

A

1167 into a noble amily

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38
Q

What was his family background

A

Father was a prominent warrior who made an alliance between Mongol clans

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39
Q

When Tejumin was 10, the alliance was abandoned

A
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40
Q

How did Temujin live

A

In poverty and elided his enemies

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41
Q

Temujin made an alliance with who,

A

A prominent mongol clan leader. He mastered the art of steppe diplomacy

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42
Q

What does step diplomacy call for

A

Personal courage intense loyalty. Willingnes to betray alllies or superiors to improve one’s position. Entise other tribes into good relationships.

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43
Q

1206 Temujin’s supremacy was recognized when he was named

A

Chinggis Khan

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44
Q

How did Khan influennce the Mongol People

A

He broke up the tribes and forced men of fighting age to join new military units with no tribal affiliations.

45
Q

How did he choose high military and poltical officials

A

He chose them not on their kinship or status in the tribe but on their talents and loyalty to him

46
Q

Where was Khans’s capital

A

At karakorum. In present day Har Horin which is 300 km west of th eMongolian capital

47
Q

In his city, what did he build

A

He built an amazing palace.

48
Q

What did Karakorum symbolize

A

A source of Mongol authority superior to the clan or tribe

49
Q

What was the most important state of institution of the Mongols

A

The army.

50
Q

How big was the army

A

100.000-125000

51
Q

How did Mongol forces do their army

A

they had great horse skills. As they grew up riding horses, they got skills by hinting and playing.

52
Q

Mongol horsemen were what.

A

One of the most mobile people of the premodern world

53
Q

How was the treatment of enemies

A

If they surrendered, the lives were spared. Usally they provided goo dtreatment of the prisoners. Otherwise DEATH

54
Q

Once he had united the mongosl where did Khan turn his attention to

A

The other parts of central asia. Nearby settled societies.

55
Q

Where did Turkish people rule

A

In Tibet, China, Persia,

56
Q

Why were his conquests important.

A

Because tey protected him against the possibility that other nomadic leaders might challenge his rule

57
Q

Where did Khan extend Mongol rule

A

To Northern China dominated since 1127 by Jurchen people. Song were in the South

58
Q

When did the Conquest begin

A

1211 they raided the Jurchen realm. Soon a campaign of Conquest was develped.

59
Q

What was the capital named

A

Khanbaliq (city of Khan)

60
Q

Khan also led forces to Afghanistan and Persia

A

It was ruled by the Saljuqs Khwarzm shah

61
Q

in 1218, the Shah hurt the mongol forces what happened

A

He was murdered

62
Q

Chinggis Khan did what

A

Wreaked destructiomn on the conquored land. Mongols demolished everything

63
Q
  1. and Khan’s death, what happneded
A

He died

64
Q

How was the empire divided up

A

Chahatai ruled the Khanate in Central Asia, Ilkhans in the Persia,Khublai Khan in China

65
Q

Khubilai Khan was one of

A

Khan’s grandsons

66
Q

What were the qualities of KK

A

He unleashed ruthless attacks on enemies

67
Q

How did he promote culture

A

He promoted Buddhism, Daoist, Muslim, and Christian

68
Q

Great generosity to who

A

poor and efforts to build roads

69
Q

KK spent how many years fighting conteors

A

4

70
Q

How did KK rule the state of China

A

He attacked the Song dynasty and within 3 yearss eliminated al lresistance.

71
Q

when was KK emporer

A

1279

72
Q

Beyond China was he successful at conquoring

A

No, even though he had lauched several invasions of VIetnam, Cambodia and Burma

73
Q

Why KK

A

Mongol forces did not adapt well to the humid lands. They were not able to to feed animals

74
Q

What is Kamikaze ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

A

divine winds

75
Q

Golden Horde overran Russia between

A

1237-1241

76
Q

How did The GH maintain the prized Black Sea stepps

A

they had a large army. Did not occupy russia, maintained Hegomy of Russia for a while

77
Q

Hulegu did what

A

toppled the Abbasid empire and established the Mongol ilkhanate

78
Q

Where did Hugelu go?

A

He went to Syria and other places.

79
Q

How di Mongol govern

A

they didn’t do much governing and often lost many of their territories

80
Q

How was the mongol governing in Persia

A

They used Persians in positions as long as they paid taxes

81
Q

How was Mongol and Persia

A

The mongols assimilated to Persian culture

82
Q

What was the Tolerance of religion in persia

A

a high tolerance in 1295, Ilkhan Ghazan publically converted to Islam

83
Q

In China how was the culture

A

The Mongols were aloof from their subjects who they didn’t like. They forbade much interaction

84
Q

How was the culture interaction with the Mongols in China

A

They didn’t assimilate at all to the culture. But there was tolerance

85
Q

What was a Buddhism

A

Lamaist Buddhism was popular. Because they promoted magic and supernatural powers. Also they esembled the Mongols religion. Lastly, they supported Mongols

86
Q

The Mongols encouraged what

A

Trade and they maintained many of the classical trade routes

87
Q

Although the Mongol rulers fought, what was always safe

A

The trade routes

88
Q

The Khwarazm Shah was murdered because he did not promote

A

Diplomatic relations which was important to the Mongols, and they activley promoted this

89
Q

Like the Silk roads, what was something that also traveled on it

A

Religion. There were missionaries from almost every religon

90
Q

What was another Mongol prtice that encouraged integration

A

The usage of resettlement

91
Q

What were the implications of resettlement?

A

Special individuals were movled from their homes to many different places. This was good because it helped the Mongols with talent. Such was the case with the Uighur Turks who were literate.

92
Q

Explain the collapse of the Ilkhanate

A

The ilkhan tried to resolve his financial difficultes by making paper money and ordering that all subjects accept it for payment of debts.

93
Q

Also, in Perisa, factional struggles plagued the Mongol leadership,

A
94
Q

In China

A

factions and infighting hasten ed the decline

95
Q

What was the issue with teh plague

A

It was a big problem as the Mongols spread it and it went EVERYWHERE

96
Q

Also, there were rebellious subjects. BWhat Khanate Survived

A

Chaghatai

97
Q

What power filled China

A

The Ming Dynasty

98
Q

Who was a turkish conqueror

A

Timur Lane

99
Q

Background of Timur Lane

A

He was born in 1336 in Samarkand. He came from a family of nbility and had to make his own way to power. During the 1360s, he eliminated rivals and built a capital

100
Q

Where did Timur Lane Go

A

He went to Persia and tried to get India.

101
Q

How did Timur Lane rule

A

Through tribal asssociations

102
Q

After his death, what happened

A

Everyone fought, but the Mughal, Safavid and ottoman empires replaced it

103
Q

After the Mongol conquest of Persia, what happened with the turks

A

They migrated from central Asia to the ilkhanate and went to Anatoila

104
Q

Osman

A

Built a State there and then launched a campaign to build a state. Became Otomans

105
Q

During 1350s, how did Ottomans gain advantage

A

They established a foothold across the Dardanelles at Fallipoli on the Balkan peninsula. They moved to expand the boundaries of their holdings buand found support

106
Q

How dd Tamerlane delay the expansion of the ottoman

A

He captured the sultan. But the Ottomans rebuilt themselves

107
Q

IN 1453, what did Sultan Mehmed II do?

A

Sacked constantinople

108
Q
A

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