Chapter 24 Transformation of Europe Flashcards
What did Martin Luther (1483-1546) benefit from?
He benefitted from others who resented the Roman Catholic Church. he lso had good works with the printing press, 95 thesis’s appeared everywhere
What did Lutehr attack?
He ataced the Roman chuch for a wide range of abuses, and called for a reform. He attacked:
- The sale of indulgences
- The monasteries (advocated the closure of them)
- Translation of the Bible inot vernacular languages
What did Martin Luther proclaim as the only source of Christian authority?
The Bible
Where did Luther’s works gain popular support?
In Germany and they fueled a movement to reform Chirsitinaity on luther’s reforms
By mid 16th century, what did the German popluation adopt?
Luthernism, and reformers had launched Protestant movemnts everywhere
WHere were some protestant movements?
In Switzerland, n the cities of Zurich,Basel and Geneva
In England, a Reformaiton took palce because
Henry VIII did not want to stay married to Cathrine of Aragon….ANglican Church
Who was John Calvin?
He was a reformer, a French lawyer who in the 1530s converted to Protestant Christianity, beca
When calvin slipped accross the boarder to Switzerland, what did he wite>
He wrote the Institutes of Chrisitan Religion, that woked to impose a strict code of mortality and discipline
Calvin’s Geneva was not only a model PRotestant community, but a missionary center, calvinist missionaries were most active where?
In France , they were active, and also went to Germany and Scotland
The Calvinists
Establishe dchurches in all these lands and worked for reform along Protestant lines..
In response to the Protestant Reformation, what did the Roman Catholic Church do?
The authorites undertook an enormous reform effort within thier own Church
What did the Roman Catholics sought to do?
Define thier won points of doctirne so as to clarify differences between the two religons, and deepen spirituality
What were two things that were formed in part of the RC reformation?
Council of Trent, and Society of JEasus
What was the Council of Trent?
It was an assemnly of bishops, cardinals, adnother high churhc officals who ment between 1545-1563 to address matters of docrine and reform
The councild rew on works from
scholastic Theologin St. Thomas Aquainas, and the council defined the eemnts of Roman Catholoc theology in detail, demanded that Church observe strict things on morality
What was the Society of JEasus?
It was the spreading thing. St. Igantius Loyola founded it. It was a society of Jesuits, who completed a rigorous and advanced education. They recieved instruction on theology and that of preparation
What religious practice shows the patriarchal nature of the society
Wich hunting, because all of them were women
What was witch hunting explained by?
Failure of a crop, unexpected death, outbreak of a deat, disease, concieve of a child
WHat was a famous witch trial
Salem witch trials
What were some religious wars
- Ones in France, for 36 years (1562-1598)
- Philip II of PSain and England, the Spanish Armada got invoved, and tried to convert Queen Elizabeth
- King of Spain, and NEtherlands, Phillip wanted to tighten his holdings there and it escalated there
What was teh 30 years war?
When the Holy Roman emperor attempted to force his Bohemian subjects to return to the Roman Catholic Church. The battle ground was Germany, but other states entered
What motives did the states have for entering the war
religious,economic, political
After 1438, the Habsburg Family had extensive dynastic holdings in Austria, dominated the Holy Roman Empire, how did htye accumulate rights and titles
through marriages, Charlex V inherited a lot of land, including the duchy of BUrgundy
When he became emperor, he acquired authority over(Charles V)
Burgundy, Spain, Italy, And Americas, Bohemia, and othe rparts
What was Charles V very concerned about?
He was concerned about keeping the Luthern movment down..so that there was not a huge revoution
What were Charles V’s foreign challenges?
France teamed up with the Ottoman Turks over the Empire. The Ottomans did not want to see a powerful Chirsitian emperor threaten their holdings in eastern Europe and their position in the mediterranena basin
WHo were some of the new monarchs
Henry VII, and Islabell of Spain
ow did the new monarchs increase their finance?
Fench kings levied direct taxes on sales households and salte trade. Henry severed ties with the Roamn Catholic Churhc
