Chapter 3 Flashcards
For almost three thousand yeas, what had Egyptan emlmers presrved?
The bodies of deceased individuals through a process o f mummification
What does the Greek Historian Herodotus say about the craft?
The embalmer first used a metal hook to draw the brain of the decesased out through a nostiril then removedht einternal organs though an incisions made alongside the abdomen. Washed them in palm wine and sealed them with a private thng
What did Egyptian gunery customs refelc?
A rposporous agricultural society, Food offerings consisted ostly of local agricultura products and scene painted on tomb walls
Egyptian society emerged along side what?
Nubia and other societies in sub saharan Africa
African agriculture emerged in the context of guradual but
momentous changes in climatic coinditions
After 10,000 bCE, what was teh Sahara desert like?
It was mostly a grassy steppe hland with numerous lakes, rivers, and streams. Rh
What is the sudan region?
It was the extensive transition zone of savanna andgreassland that stretches between Sahara to the north and the tropical forest to the south.
What flourished in the Sudan environment?
Grasses and Cattle
After about 9000 BCE, peoples of the eastern Sudan domesticated what?
Cattle and became nomadic herders while they continued to collect wild.
After 7500 BCE, they established permanent settlements and began to cultivate what?
Sorghum, a grain that is widely grown
Sudan began to cultivate what in the region between the Niger nad Congo rivers?
Sudanic agricultrual became increasingly diverse of the following centuries, over the follwing centuries, what camein there?
Sheep, goats arived from southwest Asia after 7000 BCE
Many Sudanic people ad formed what in terms of government
small monarchies ruled by kings who were viewed as divine or semidiving beings
WhenSudanic people burried htier kings, what did they do the the servents?
They exceuted them so that they could continue to meet the masters needs
What force did the Sudanic people recognize?
They saw a single divine fource that was the source of good, evil. They associated with rain
AFter 5000 BCE,w aht hapened to the norhten half of Africa
It was very hot. People moved
Where did the people move?
To the Vicotira/Nile River
Where was the most important tramsformation of agriculture evident?
in Egypt
In ancient times, what did the term Egypt refer to?
Ut refered not to the territory embraced by the modern state, but rather to the ribbon of land bordering the lower third of the Nile between the Mediterranean and the rivers first cataract
Egypt enjoyed a much larger flood plain than most of the land to the south known as what?
NUbia
As the Sahara became really arid, what did people flock to do?
They wanted to go to the Nile to establise societies that depended on intensive agriculture. BEcause of their broad floodplains, Egyptians were able to t take better advantagge of th eNIle’s annual floods than the Nubian sot the south
What did the Egyp and Nubia come under the infeluce of the Mediterranean basin. How?
At around 10,000 BCE migrants form teh red sea hills in Norhtern Ethiopi traveled down the Nile vallley and intoruced a language anestral to Coptic
What is a language that migrants from teh Red Sea introduced to the Egyptians?
Coptic, which is the langauge of ancien tEgypt to the lower reaches of the Nile Valley
After 5000 BCE, what happeend to African climate?
It grew hotter and drier, Sudanic cultivors and herders moved down the Nile, introcucing Egypt and Nubia to African coprs such as gourds and watemelons
What did both Nubians and Egyptians rely on?
Heavy agricultre. They went into the flood plains in the late summer after the recessions of the NIle’s annual flood and sowed their seeds
What did the Nubians had to do to get crops?
They had to rely on prepared fields and irrigation bywaters diverted form the Nile. This led to population growth
Because of population pressures, what did people in Egypt have to do?
They had to develop more intense and sophisticated methods of agricultre. Ciltivators moved bond the Nile’s immediate floodplains and began to grw crops on higher ground that required plaowing and preperation
What did both Egyptians and Nubians do?
They had to organize early governments. The earliest were small kingdoms much like those instituted in the early Sudan after 500 CE.
By 3500 BCE, political and economic competition fueld what?
numerous skirmishes and small scale wars between teh Nile kingodms.S ome kingdoms ovecame thier neighbors and gadually expanded until they controlled sizable territories
What was one expansive kingdom?
Ta Seti, a strong Nubian realm that flourised about 3400 to 3200 BCe and extended its rule in the north of the NIle’s rist cataract into Egypt. When Ta -Seti delciened, the local kingdoms of souther Egypt were in a strong position to increased the poewr
After 3100, Egypt followed a path quite different fromthose of the saller Nubian kingdoms, ll the territory between the Nile delta and the river’s first cataract because what?
A state called Menes
Who was Menes?
He wa a monor officiia form souther Egypt snce the Nile flows norht who rose to power and extended his authorty north anad into the delta
According to tradition, what city did Menes found>?
The city of Memphis near modern Cairo
menes and his sucessors built a state that was uled by what?
the pharaoh, the egyptian king. The early pharoahs claimed ot be cgods living on the earth, in human form, the owners and absolute rulers of all the land.
What gods were the phaoahs associated with?
They were associated with orus, the sky god and often represented the pharaohs together with a falcon or hawk.
The power of the pharaohswas greatest during the first mllenium of Egyptian history, known as
The arachaic Period (3100-2600_/ An the Old
When was teh old Kingdom?
It was from 2600-220
What is the most enduring symbol of their authority?
Royal pyramids. The larges tis in Khufu/
Why were Egyptians intersted in Nubia?
Because of political and commercial reasons. They were wary of Nubian kingdoms, tha tthey might threaten Upper Egypt and they desied products such as gold, ivory,ebony and prcious stones that were avaliable
What did pharoic forces destory
Tjey destoryed the Nubian kingdom of Ta-Sti soon after the unification of Egypt, leading to Egyptian dominatin of Lower NUbia
For more than 1/2 a millenium, from about 3000-2400 BCE,, what did Egyptian presence in the north force Nubian leaders to concentrate their efforts?
At political organization father ito the south in Upper Nubia.
What was a powerful kingdom that had been developed
Kush, Capital Kerma
In spite of constant tensions and frquent hostilities, numeous diploats and expolorers did what?
Traveled from Egypt to Nubia in search of political alliances and commercial relationships
Toward the Old Kingdom, high agricultural productivity made several regions of Egypt so prosperous and powrful that they were able to
ignore the pharoahs and puruse local interests. As a result, the central state declied and dissapeared
When did Pharaoic authority return?
It returned with the Middle Kingodm (2040-1640_ Ph
Ow ppowerful were the Middle Kingodm Pharoahs?
They were not as poweful as their predecessors i nthe Old Kingodm
Who were the Egyptians pressured by?
foreign people from southwest Asia called Hyksos
