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World History Flash Cards > Chapter 25: Americas and Oceanias > Flashcards

Chapter 25: Americas and Oceanias Flashcards

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1
Q

The first site of interaction between European and Ameirca beople was

A

The carribean, and the Taino were the prominent people in that region

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2
Q

Taino

A

Cultivate manioc, lived in small villiages under the authority of chiefs,a nd showed interst in things like glass beads, metal tools that the spanish brought

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3
Q

Where was the base of Spanish operaitons in the carribean?

A

Hispaniola, wh. Santo Domingo was foudned in 1498..and it was the trading capial.

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4
Q

What was very clear about the Americas?

A

THey offered no silk or spices of r the European market

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5
Q

did the settlers first attempt to make money by?

A

Mining gold, where usage f the Taino was popular

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6
Q

What were the social classes?

A

Encomenderos (settlers), and Tainos, who they abused a lot

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7
Q

What dieases ravaged the area?

A

small pox and othe rthings

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8
Q

What are soem words fo the Tiano tha tusrvive?

A

Canoe, Hammock,Hurricane, maize, BArbecue, Tobacco

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9
Q

Who came to the Carribean with the intention of establishin gplantations>

A

Frnehc,English, Dutch…it would have good crops in sugar and tobacco

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10
Q

Conquistadores

A

Conqurors..suhc as Hernan Cortes and Francisoc Pizzaro

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11
Q

What was teh type of socity that spanish found>

A

THey found societies quite differen tform those of the Caribbean islands. Both MExioc and Peru had been the sites of iddfferent agricultural societies, and,

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12
Q

When did the Conquest of Meixco begin?

A

With a search for gold, 11519, Cortes led a search, to MExico. they seized teh empeor,,,, and Cuahtemoc was the last leader

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13
Q

What gave an advntage to the Spanish?

A

Their Steel swords, muskets, cannons, and horses offered Crotes and his soldiers some advantage over he forces they met and help to account for the Pnish conquest

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14
Q

What was the diesease that ravaged the place?

A

Smallpox

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15
Q

How was Francisco Pizzaro able to take advantage of the Inca Empire?

A

He came during a time of a dispute, between Huascar, and Atahualpa. PIzzaro exploited both of them, between different those factions and were able o get lots of gold

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

Pizzaro spared the leader Altahualpa and until he had

A
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18
Q

The conquests of MExoc came by

A

individual efforts, hte people who conquereod could allocate lands

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19
Q

What were the two new colonies?

A

New Spain-Mexico, and New Castile-Peru

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20
Q

How was the power base designed?

A

There were viceroys, the kings reps in the Ameiras. THe Audeinces herd appeals agaisnt the vicerosy decisions and policies and had the right to address the conerns

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21
Q

What were some new cities?

A

St. Augustine in Florida, Lima, Panama

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22
Q

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas allow?

A

Divided the world along an imaginary norht-south 370 leagues west, anad said some is Spain and th eothers is portugals

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23
Q

Who breifly stopped in Brazil?

A

Pedro Alvares de Cabral

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24
Q

What were the cities iof the Iberian Empirs like? THey became centers of European style society in the ameircas: the Spires of chuches and cathedrals defined thier skulies and Spaish and Protugese were the languages of the Government

A
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25
Q

What were some new colonies that the English and rench founded?

A

HTey foudned Port Royal, Quebec, and James Town, MAssachusettles bay colonies

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26
Q

How was life in the early settlements?

A

it was difficult, most of the setlters did not expect to cultivate food crops but hoped to sustain thier communities by producing valuable commodities ushc as fur, ptch, tar, or lumber

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27
Q

The French and English colonies in Norht America differed in several ways from the Iberian territoires..how?

A

The Iberian exploratations had oryal backing, french and english were individual efforts

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28
Q

What were English Colonists subejct to?

A

HTey were subject to royal authority. Fr

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29
Q

What were the relationship betweent he French and English with the indeginous populations?

A

THey didn’t setlte, and there were no big states….They took great pains to justify thier rights to some ladns

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30
Q

Where did conflicts arise?

A

The French and English clashed with the native people who resented the intrusions on ther hunting grounds

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31
Q

What did many settlers do to the lands?

A

They destoryed them, t

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32
Q

Another repetitive question…get it rght. Whatreally destoryed the indigenous population

A

Small pox

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33
Q

Who was Cabeza de Vaca?

A

He was a Spanish nobeman wo jined an expedition of some three hundred explorers who went form ispaniola to investigate Florida in 1527.

34
Q

What were the mEsito Societies?

A

They are very muliticultural places,

35
Q

What was teh racial variety andwhy was there so much of i?

A
  1. Because there was so many males there
  2. There were omolotos, zambos, and then mized African/indigenous popel
36
Q

What was the social hierarchy?

A

It was 1. Penisulares

  1. Creoles (Those born in Maericas)
  2. Mesitos (*MUlattos, Zambos and other mixes)
37
Q

What was the social hierarchy in the Americas?

A

IT was the French and the ENglish were at the top, and only really mingled with thier onw groups.

38
Q

What was really mined in the Americas?

A

Silver, it was concentrate in the norht of mexico, and in bolivia

39
Q

Because Spanish people had found a lot of gold, what did it require?

A

It needed a lot of labor. HTey relied on volntary labor, but theyhad the practice of mita

40
Q

What was the mita system?

A

It was the system by which laor was gotten. A native village was required to send 1/2 of its male population towork for four months in the mines at Potosi. Draf laberors recieved payment for their work, but wages were very low

41
Q

What jobs did mita workers usually do?

A

Hauled baskets of sivlver or up steep mine shafts, while others wokred with toxic mercury, whcih miners used to separate the silver from its ore

42
Q

What did men do to try and evade the draft?

A

They ran away

43
Q

Did the spanish take some of the silver?

A

Yes, known as the quinto, it reprsented the princpal revenue that the corwn derived form its american possessions.

44
Q

MOst Ameircan silver made its way across teh Atlantic to Spain and markets throughout Europe, and what happened them>

A

It was traed for islk, spices and othe rhtings in Asia

45
Q

What was theprincipal occupation in Spanish AMerica/

A

The organization of minig industires created opporutnities of cultivators ..to organize workforces .

46
Q

Hacienda

A

Produced foodstuffs for its own use as well as local markets..wheat, grapses and meat

47
Q

What was the encomienda system?

A

IT allowed them to ge labor and tribue for people, while requireing them to wokr

48
Q

Encomerendos did what

A

Abused the laberors, they reuqired a lot of tribute

49
Q

What ddi the Spanish landowners resort to?

A

A system of debt peonage to recruit labor for htier haciendas, Under this sytem, the landowners advanced loans to native people so that hty ocould buy seeds

50
Q

What were forms of rebellion

A

half hearted wokr, and retreat to tehe mountains

51
Q

Who was Poep?

A

He was anative Shaman, and the rebels attacked missions, killed priests, and coloniests and rove Spanish settlers out of the region…

52
Q

On some occasions, indigenous peopels turned to what? When there wereoppresive colonists?

A

To Spanish LAw..

53
Q

What did the Portugese Empire depend on?

A

The extraction of Sugar

54
Q

Portugese nobles and entrepeneurs established sugar plantations in regions without the administrative_-

A

Machinery

55
Q

WHat was the enghenho?

A

WIt was the sugar harest, an it depended on heavy labor from many people

56
Q

In a colonial economy, where sugar figured as the most important export, the Portugese plant owners of sugar mills were a_ (Class)

A

Privilaged class, htey could count on royal support if they produced money

57
Q

In Where did the portugese colonists get labor?

A

HTey got it from the local populatiosn, th einhabitants

58
Q

What was a problem with the Inhabitents of Brazil

A

They were not sedentary cultivators. They rsited efforts to commandeer their labor, evaded Portugese forces by retreating inland

59
Q

What did the Portugese do for labor?

A

Import slaves, they had a lot because they would loose some every year

60
Q

What did European Mariners want when they first went to America?

A

They wanted fish…and lots of it

61
Q

What was traded with native poeple

A

THey traded manufactured goods such as wool blankets, iron ports, firearms,a nd distilled spirits.

62
Q

What did the fur trade do to the environment?

A

It hurt it, quite badly too, because the trappers would go to great extents to get the fur, which meant that it would hurt hte natural environment

63
Q

what were some cash crops that were in the AMericas?

A

Tobacco, Nicotene,

64
Q

What state exported a lot of tobacco?

A

Virgina.

65
Q

Because there were a lot of plantations in the Americas, they created the need for what?

A

Indentured labor. Colonists could not subjugate the indegenous peoples to do labor, but they could not force them to do any work

66
Q

Where did plantations get tabo?

A

They got it from recruiting indentured servents from Europe. People who had little future in Europe came to America for some years

67
Q

Like settlers in the Iberian colonies,w hat was very useful for the people in the plantations?

A

Slave Labor, definately Slave labor, because they needed more slaves as the indentured servents came and left

68
Q

What types of missionaries came to the Americas?

A

Dominicans, Franciscans, Jesuits and others campaigned to Christianize the indegenous poeples

69
Q

In Tlatelolco, what happened?

A

TH ebustling market district, there was a small school

70
Q

Did native religons survive?

A

Yes, they did survive, in indegnous people, that s where htey survived.

71
Q

Who is the patron saint in mexico

A

Guadlupe.

72
Q

French and English missonaries di not attract nearly as many converts to Christianity in Norht America, because

A

French and English colnists did not rule over overy any huge colonies, so it was harder for them to conduct missions

73
Q

What did people speculate about Australi

A

They thoguht that there was a land mass that existed..about t

74
Q

What is the term for Australia/

A

Australis incognita. Thjey thought that it must exist

75
Q

When htey visited hte islands of southeast Asia, in the quest for spices, they approached Australi from teh west, Portugese mariners made

A

the first siting

76
Q

Although European mariners saw Australia, what did they NOT do?

A

They didn’t really make landfall, or trade or do anything

77
Q

What was Asutralia to the Britishers?

A

IT was a penal colony

78
Q

In 1521, Ferdinand MEgelan and his crew became the first Euopeans to cross the pcific Oceans, htey encountered Guam. but aslo visited

A

Tuamoti, Cookm Solomon

79
Q

The only pacific island that attracted a lot of interest was

A

Guam an d the Marina islands. Spanish authorities decided to consolidate thier position in Guam and bring hte Marina Islands under the control of the veceoy of new Spain in Mexico

80
Q

James Cook saw what?

A

He saw a common pattern. in 1778, while sailing norht from Tahiti, in search of the northwest passage he came to Hawaii.

81
Q
A

World History Flash Cards (31 decks)

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