Chapter 22 Flashcards
Who was one og the great world travelers of all time
MOroccan legal scholar Ibn battuta.
Where was Ibn Batutta born and when
in 1304, Tangier.
What was Ibn Battuata’s ubringing/early life
He followed his family and studied Islamic Law. In 1325, he left Morocco and made a pilgrimage to Mecca. He traveled by caravan across North Africa . He then spent many years visiting Mesopotamia… Then he went to Bkhara and Samarkhand
When did Battuta arrive in Dehli?
He arrived in 1333
What did he do in India? (B)
He served as the qadi (judge) in the government of Muhammed ibn Tughluq the sultan of Dhli. IN 1341, he was appointed to head an enormous embassy in China. After a storm wrecked his ship, Battuta, made journies around the South Asia.
Why did Travelers embark on conquest?
For a variety of reasons
What were some of the reasons for conquest?
Nomadic people ranged widely in the course of migrations. East European and africa slaves travelled involuntarily aroud. Many riligious reasons
Merchants that engaged in long distance trade relied on what
two principal networks of trade routes. Luxury goods of high value relative to their own weight ( silk textile and precious stones).
What was the break down on where things travelled
The Luxury goods of high value often travelled overland while heavier commodities travelled over the sea lanes of the Indian ocean
Wat did the silk roads and trans saharan routes do
They drew West africa into the larger economy of the eastern hemisphere. The sea Lanes offered acces via the South Cina sea to ports in China and east Asia
As the volume of trade increased, what also increased?
The major trading cities and ports grew rapidly, attracting more buyers, sellers and bankers
What were some trading cities?
Khanbaliq, Hangzhou, Quanzhou, Melaka, Cambay, Samarkand, Hormuz, Baghdad, Caffa, Cairo, Alexandria, Kilwa, Constantinople, Venice, and Timbuktu. They all had large places occupied by foreign merchants
What was the temptation for a city that enjoyed strategic location?
LEvy excessive curstom fees. So, because of this, there was a major empirium serving long distance trade networks
Describe the Tax situation in melaka
Melaka was founded in the 1390s, and became a strading city. The authorityon the Strait of Melaka and maintinaed a safe market tha twelcomed many. Levied reasnable fees on goods exchanged there.
What did Tome Pires report
That more than 80 anguages could be heard on the streets of Melaka
What caused economic disruption throuhgout much of urasia?
Mongol conquests which inaguarated a long period of economic decline in Southwest Asia
What did the Mongols cause
A long period of economic decline in Southwest Asia. They consolidated thier rule there and destroyed the cities.
What did the Mongols lay the foundations for?
Long distnce trade, beauase they made it safe to travel
Marco Polo
From Venice, he is the best known traveller, 1235-1324. He stayed in Khubabli Khan.
How was a historical accident good in preserving the details of Marco Polo’s travels?
He was captured and made a prisoner of war during a conflict between Venice and Genoa. When he was imprisoned, he related tails of this travels to fellow prisoners. One of them was a writer and wrote it all down
Marco Polo’s stories
were quite exaggerated but they deeply influenced other readers. He emntioned many things
Where did Marco Polo come from?
A family of merchants and merchants were the most avid readers of his story. Marco must have collaberated with other merchants
What do Marco Polo’s experiences throw light on?
Long distance travel undertaken for political and diplomatic purposes
What did Marco polo report about Khubali Khan?
THat he was appointed as governr of the large trading city of Yangzhou, There is no evidence to confirm that, but it is likely that he did. This is because he represented Khan’s interst in diplomatic missions
The emergence of elaborate trading networks and the establishment of vast imperial states created what?
A great demand for political and diplomatic rpresentation during the centuries after 1000 CE.
What was the 13th century the time of?
Activ diplomacy, where many praties were involved and sought a common alliance agaisntt the Muslims
During the 1240s and the 1250s, what did Pope Innocent do?
Dispatched a eries of envoys who invited many to convert in Christianity
How did th eKhans react to the suggestion to convert
said no, and told the Europeans that they must go under the Khan or face destruction
In 1287, the Mongol Ilkhan of Persia planned
to invade the Muslim lands of southest asia and wanted to capture Jersualmen. He
Rabban Sauma
NEstorian Christian, and he ment with kings of France and England and other high officials. But, he did not attract European support for the illka. On ly later, Ghazan the ilkhan
The expansion of Islamic influence in the eastern hemisphere encouraged what?
A different kid of political motivated travel
What was the type of Islamic travel?
Travel because of the demand to teach
Who was the best known of the Musilim trvellers
Ibn Battuta
What did Ibn Battuta do in Dehli?
Suvpervised the affairs of a wealthy mosque and heard cases at law which he stirctly enforced according to Islamic standards of Justice
After leaving North India, what did Battuta do?
He went to the Malfive islands and workedzealously to promote the proper islamic things
How did Islam also spread
by the work of Sufi mystics. The Sufis went to recently conqured or converted lands and sought to win a popular following for the faith in many places 100-1500
What was the Sufi doctorine
emphasized piety and evotion ot Allah, they even tolerated continuing reverence of traditin deities whom they were treated as manifiestation
Who accompanied the crusaders/?
The missionaries who traveled long distances in teh interests of spreading Christianity. Miss
Where did missionaries attract large converts?
Baltic Islands, SIicity, Spain
The most ambitious missions sought
to convert Mongols
As more Eeuropeans travelled to China, what happened?
Their expatriate communiteis created a demand for Roman Catholic services. many of the Roman priests intended to serve the needs of thier own communities
Who was the most active of the Roman Catholic missionaries in China?
John of Montecorvino, who went to China in 1291/. BEcame the fist archbishop of Khan baliq in 1307. Died there
What did John work on?
He worked on establishign Christianity in the host. He translated the New Testament to local language and baptized many families, taught language Latin baptized 6000 individuals
Were Christians successful?
Npo, they attracted few converts
Long distance travel encouraged what?
Cultural exchanges between people
What was transmitted among people?
Songs, stories, religious ideas, and philosophical views and scientiicknowledge all passed readily among travelers who ventured nto the larger world
What did troubadours of western Europe do
They dew on the poetry, music and lwove songs o the MUslim performers. European scientists avidly consulted others
What was an important diffusion of technology?
The unvention of the compass
Long distance journies enabled Muslim travelers to introduce what
new food and commerical crops to Sub Saharan Africa
What was the new crops
citrus fruits and Asian strains of rice which enriched diets in west Africa after the eeventh century. Muslims introduced cotton to west Africa whcih also became very very popular (1500)
Muslims were instrumental in the distribution of what?
Sugarcane. Muslim mercahnts and other travelrs had begun large scale cultivation of sugar cane in south west asia
By the 12th century, what did the Muslims face?
The expansion of the europeans. Who appreciated the sugar cane and organize dplantaiton in Sicily, Cyprus,Crete, and Rhodes.
Although Muslim merchants and travers wer especially promonent of diffusion who also helped
mongols. and Gunpowder
Where did GunPowder come from?
IT came from Chian. Where they used gunpoweder based weapons in their arsenal as early as 12414.In campaigns th e mongols sent this stuff spewing everywhere.
By the mid-thirteenth century, wahat had reached Europe?
Gunpoweder through Mongol Russia. BY the early 14th century, armies fom Chian possessed primative cannons.
