Chapter 20 Flashcards
In 1260, which two brothers traveled from Venice to Constantinople
Niccolo and Maffeo Polo
What was the Polo brother’s occupation?
They were jEwel Mercahnts and whicle they were in Constantinople, they decided to purusue other opportunites further east
What was the first stop of the Polo borhters
Soldaia near Caffa on the Black sea and then to the trading cities of Sarai and Bulghar on the Volga river
Why did the Polo brothers not return home
There was a war that broke out behind them and prevented them from going back. So, they decided to go further easty
The polo brothers spent three years where?
In the trading city of Bokhara where they recieved an invitation to join the court of Kubhlai Khan
The great Khan recieved the Polo brothers and they talked about what??
Religion, their land and the ruler s
What was khubali khan interestedin
learning more about Roman Catholic christianity. This was because there were many mulitcultural groups in his kingdom.
What did Khubali Khan send the Polo brothers on a misson
To Get authoritative sources of Chrisitian information. this is because he wanted them at his court
The polo Brothers were not able to satisfy the Khans desire for envoys, so what did the Pope dO/
Sent two missionaries to help
WHich famous person went along with the Polos on their mission back?
Marco Polo, NIccolo Polo’s son
High middle ages of Chrisitan society are defined as
1000-1300 the times where a more powerful society was built. It was built on the political, economic, and cultural foundations that were laidout during the early middle ages
Beginning in the late tenth century, German Princes did what?>
Formed the Holy Roman Empire, which they viewsd as a revival of th eold one
What was the problem with the Holy Roman empire?
It never extended out of Germany
Where did Independent Monarchies emerge
In France, England, Italy, and Spain
As the Carolingian empire faded during the inth century, counts dukes and other authorities took responsibility for
providing order in their own egions
Gradually, some of the dukes and counts extended their power beyond their own territories. What was one example
Otto of Saxony.
Describe Otto of Saxony’s exploits
He had established himself as the king in northern Germany. Campaigned east of the Elbe River in lands that were populated by Slavic people.
Who proclaimed Otto emporer
Pope John XII in 962
The imperial title had a considerable cachet and on several occasions, energetic emporers have almost transformed the Holy Roman Empire into what
A hegenmonic state that might have introduced imperial authority to Europe
What prevented the Holy Roman Empire from becoming really big?
The papacy was a pain. Conflict was very common
What was the relationship between the Pope and the Emporer
Even though the pope usually crowned the emporers, the relationship was really tense because both made large claims to authority in ChristiianEurope.
When did relations become really strained between the pope and the emporer
When the emporer sought some influence the selection of church officials- something that pope’s thought should be their right
Although neither the pope, nor the emporer was powerful enough to dominate eachother, what was the pope able to d?
The pope was able to prevent the emperors from building a powerful imperial state that would threaten the papacy
Why did imperial authorities name high church officials
This was because, the chuch officials usually had a lot of political power as well
Pope Gregory VII ended the practice of what?
Lay investiture, the selection and installation of church officials by lay rulers such as the kings
Emporer Henry IV challlenged the Pope’s policiy and what happened
The pope excommunicated him and released the king’s subjects from him
After Henry was excommunicated, what happened
Germany princes to the opportunity to rebel against him
Was Henry ever forgiven?
Yes, but only after he begged for forgiveness while in the snow
Describe Frederick Barbarossa
He was known as the red beard and was a vigorous and gallant man who reined from 1152-1190
What did Barbarossa sought?
He wanted to absorb the wealthy and increasingly urban region of Lombardy in northern Italy
Integration of Lombardy would have provided Barbarossa with what
The resources to control the German princes and dominate Europe
Because the pope didn’t like Baraborossa’s plan, what did he do?
Marshalled support from Europe and stopped him
Voltaire, the French writer once said
Neither holy, nor an empire
When the last of the Carolingians died, in 987, the lords of France elected a minor noble named :
Hugh Capet, to serve as king
What type of territory did Capet have?
A small territory around Paris
How did Capetian Kings expand?
They gradually added to their resources. They relied on relationships between Lords and their retainers
How were the founders of modern English society?
It was the Normans, descendants of the Vikings who carved out a state on the penninsula of Normandy
Although they were subject to outside rule, how did Normandy become prominent?
The dukes built a tightly centraied state in which all the authority stemmed from the dukes themselves
What was the relationship between dukes and land in normandy
The dukes retained title to al land in Normandy in an effort to forestall the conflicts of interests, they limited the right of the retainers to grant land to others
Military in Normandy
They had a good one
How did Norman influence come into England?
1066, William, the Duke of Normandy went into England
William the Conquorer institued what type of policies
Norman principles of government and land tenure to England. However, they did have a more tightly centralized government …and they also had som Angelo Saxon princples
What did both the Capetians and the Normans face
challenges from retainers seeking to pursue independent policis or enlarge their powers at the expense of the monarchs
How was the governemnt in Italy
No regime was able to control the entire penninsula,.. so a series of city states and principalities controled the whole regions
What was the Papal State?
The place tha the popes ruled i ncentral itally
How did the pope have influence in northern Italy?
The church influenced the political affairs because bishops of themajore cities took much of the initative in organizing public life
What were some examples of Italian city states?
Bologna, Genoa, Milan, Venice dominated their own urban districts but the surrounding hinterlands
Norman adventureres first intervened in Italian affairs in
999, when a group of Norman pilgrims aided teh people of Salerno when they fought off Muslim attacks., Then they helped the city of Bari from the Byzantine empire. Then, they were like HEY. I can be here!
What was the Norman kingdom?
Naples
From the 8 to the 11 century, who invaded the Iberian Peninsula
Muslim Conquorers
Where did small Christian States survive
In northern Spain
Starting in the mid 11th century, Christian adventurers from the states began
to enlarge their own domains by attacking Muslim Territories
Because the Chrisitan adventurers from the states began to attack the other territories, what happened,
The Chrisitan kingdoms of Castile, Aragon,and Portugal popped up.
What was the only Muslim territory left?
Grenada LOLZ
The economic revival colosely resembled the processes that hapened in
India, China, and the Islamic World
The increased agricultural production, urbanization, manufaturing, and trade transformed Europ einto a powerful society and
Drew it into relationship swith other lads
Beginning in the alte 10th century, what did the local lords do?
They pacified territories and put an end to invasions.
What was the population likein Europe?
It began to experience alot of population pressure
In response to the population pressures, what did the serfs and monks do?
The cleared forests, drained swamps, and increased the amount of land devoted to griculture
At first, when some lords opposed this change, what was their reson?
They said that this was bad because it reduced game preserves
What did the lords realize?
That this change was good because expanding agricultural production would yield higher taxes and increase their own wealth
What were the new agricultural techniques?
New crops, and crop roations. Increased cultivaiton of beans which provided fertilization, enriched land. Kept more domestic animals and fish
What language were instruction books written in?
Vernacular languages
During the high middle ages, what did European people expand their use of?
Water mills and heavy pows which appeared early
What were two items that appeared
Horseshoes to prevent split of softened hooves. Also, the horse collars tha tplaced the burden of a heavy load on an animals chest instead of the neck
During the arly middle ages, what did the European diet consit of?
Enitrely grains and grain products such as gruel and bread
During 1000-1300 what was the type of diet
Meat, dairy produts, fish, vegetabls, and legumes
What lands benefitted from widespread cultivation
Spain, Italy an dother mediterranean lands. Islamic crops came
What was the population in 800
29 million
What was the population in 1000,
36 million
By 1100, what was the population
44 million
1200 population
58 mil
