Chapter 3: Values, Attitudes, Goals and Motivation

Question 1

Values are what

Answer 1

principles that guide behaviour

Question 2

What do values form

Answer 2

the foundation for behaviour

Question 3

True or false; everyone has their own unique set of values that is called value orientation

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What are the two aspects of value orientation and describe each

Answer 4

a) Affective domain : How one emotionally feel about something
b) Cognitive domain : How one intellectually think about things

Question 5

True or false; Both domains of value orientation are based on future experience

Answer 5

false; previous

Question 6

True or false; there is no gap between values and behaviour

Answer 6

false

Question 7

Attitudes are

Answer 7

outlooks or opinions that may express values, serve as a means of evaluation or demonstrate feeling in regard to some idea, person, object, event, situation, or relationship

Question 8

Attitudes are means to express our what

Answer 8

values

Question 9

Attitudes are ____ and ____ behaviour

Answer 9

learned and affect

Question 10

True or false; Attitudes are always observable

Answer 10

False;

Question 11

__________ are fairly constant and ___________ are more subject to change

Answer 11

values and attitudes

Question 12

What is the first step to completing a goal?

Answer 12

Identifying a goal that is realistic, specific and flexible

Question 13

True or false; Humans often spend a great deal of time thinking about our goals

Answer 13

false

Question 14

What are the four types of values

Answer 14

a) Absolute and relative
b) Intrinsic and extrinsic
c) Traditional, personal and professional
d) Instrumental and terminal

Question 15

Define relative values

Answer 15

Interpreted based on context, shades of grey that depend on the situation, humans tend to seek additional information about the situation

Question 16

Define traditional values

Answer 16

Values commonly held by the predominant society in which one lives

Question 17

Define terminal values and give 3 examples

Answer 17

Preferences for end states of existence such as equality, freedom or comfortable life

Question 18

Define instrumental values and give 3 examples

Answer 18

Preferences for general modes of conduct such as being helpful, loving or intellectual

Question 19

What are 3 indicators of cultural values

Answer 19

a) Customs
b) Manners
c) Gestures

Question 20

What are standards

Answer 20

qualitative and or quantitative criteria that reconcile resources with demands

Question 21

Define socialization

Answer 21

the process by which children learn the rules and values of a society, starts at infancy but is a lifelong process influenced by many sources

Question 22

What is consumer socialization

Answer 22

how children learn to become consumers

Question 23

What are value chains in business

Answer 23

The glue that holds business together

Question 24

What are value chains in the family and give an example

Answer 24

The glue that holds a family together, shared goals and identity

Question 25

What affects behaviour?

Answer 25

a) If the person evaluates the behaviour as positive
b) What others think
c) Whether the action is perceived as easy or difficult

Question 26

What is one of the most important characteristic of goal setting?

Answer 26

Flexibility

Question 27

Define habits

Answer 27

repetitive, often unconscious patterns of behaviour

Question 28

What are the four steps of goal planning?

Answer 28

1) Be specific and prioritize goals
2) State goals clearly and positively
3) Forecast possible future events and resources needed
4) Implement plan

Question 29

What are 5 things goals can vary in

Answer 29

1) Intensity
2) Complexity
3) Priority
4) Resource use
5) Timing

Question 30

What are 3 ways goals can be categorized?

Answer 30

a) By time (short term or long term)
b) By role (personal or professional)
c) By type (Primary or secondary)

Question 31

Are primary or secondary goals typically larger

Answer 31

primary

Question 32

What are performance goals?

Answer 32

Emphasize outcomes or actions

Question 33

What are creativity goals

Answer 33

Characterized by someone wanting to do new things or to be original not just to master new skills

Question 34

what are learning goals

Answer 34

Emphasize the gaining of competence

Question 35

What 4 things goals should be

Answer 35

a) Reasonable
b) Attainable
c) Clearly formed
d) Within the resources of the goal setter

Question 36

The belief that things will get better is called ______ bias

Answer 36

Optimism

Question 37

Resilience is

Answer 37

the ability to overcome obstacles and to achieve positive outcomes even after experiencing extreme difficulties

Question 38

What is “n Ach”?

Answer 38

individuals vary in their need for achievement

Question 39

A person possessing high “n Ach” will take _____ risks

Answer 39

moderate

Question 40

A person who is classified as low achievers will take what type of risks

Answer 40

high or low

Question 41

Define goal disengagement

Answer 41

Some goals over time need to be let go or sharply redefined

Question 42

what are three different types of goal disengagements and describe each

Answer 42

a) Behaviour: Switching to new activities
b) Affective: A change in feelings
c) Motivational: changing motives, the seeds of action

Question 43

Define intrinsic motivation

Answer 43

involves the underlying causes and the internal need for competence and self-determination (values from within)

Question 44

Define extrinsic motivation

Answer 44

Involves forces external to the individual (Values from outside)

Question 45

What is Cool hunting

Answer 45

Looking for trends in teens that a corporation uses. once it is cool it becomes killed