Chapter 3 notes

Question 1

What were the consequences of the reformation?

Answer 1

europe is in turmoil (religious massacres, witch hunts etc), english reformation , civil wars (1642-1651) and the glorious revolution (1688), thirty years´ war (1618-1648).

Question 2

Thirty years´ war

Answer 2

started as civil and religious wars in holy roman empire (protestant states vs cathloic emperor ferdinand II)., other states get involved because of relgion! In the end no one wins this war, last important religious war in europe, consequences : habsburg is weakened and france is stronger. results in peace of westphalia (1648). holy roman empire is weakened > rise of france and england as worl powers > end of spain as world power > new independent states, dutch republic, italian city states, switzerland, increased independency for german states.

Question 3

Explain the Dutch Revolt

Answer 3

repressed country > revots against overlords. due to persistence, wit and patriotism > succes > after independence the golden age came

Question 4

name 4 characteristics of the golden age

Answer 4

cultural and economic wealth > unprecedented religious freedom > egalitarianism > entrepreneurship. example of 18-19th century nostalgia for the 17th century

Question 5

Why was the golden age at a cost?

Answer 5

philip II was the rightful ruler according to the contemporary feudal law, there was no spain of netherlands as we know nowadays, formation independent dutch republic was unforseen at start revolt, william of orange was made into the father of the fatherland postmortem

Question 6

why did the dutch revolt (1568-1648) happen

Answer 6

taxation for spanish wars all across europe, centralization policy philip II, religious repression : catholic nobility tolerated calvinism

Question 7

explain the dutch republic (1588)

Answer 7

confederation, governed by states general (representatives of each province), led by an elected stadtholder, becomes center of global trade, brain-drain southern netherlands, relative tolerance regarding religion, freedom of expression, wealth dispersal (large part population), middle class society.

Question 8

what is an enblemata/emblem?

Answer 8

allegorical illustrations + explanatory text with moralizing message.

three components : 1. inscriptio (inscription or motto), 2. pictura (image), 3. subscription (caption).

Question 9

what are still lifes?

Answer 9

lifeless objects as starting point, with symbolic meaning and moral message.