3.1 - Baroque in Italy Flashcards
Explain what the Baroque style is.
A complex, multifaceted, international phenomenon. Baroque artists intended to involve their audiences emotionally. Formally, the style is characterized by drama and theatricality seen in a heightened realism and illusions of motion. Classical elements are used wihtout classical restraint. Emotionalism is enhanced by striking contrasts of light and shadow.
Explain the patronage that supported the Baroque style.
Church-sponsored art in Rome thrived during the Counter-reformation. Although secular patrons were important in the development of Baroque art, the church in Rome assumed the role of the center of the Baroque art world.
Popes brought with them family and friends who expected and received lucrative positions in the government, so pope succeeded pope. The popes commissioned palaces and chapels along with paintings and sculptures to decorate them. Artists flocked to Rome to take advantage of the situation.
Explain how the roman patronage happened.
Martin Luther´s 95 theses and the protestand reformation that followed > catholic church sought to remake rome as the cultural center of the western world > once again roman popes became great patrons of art and architecture.
Explain how the counter-reformation derived.
Council of Trent, this is where the theological justification for this patronage came, which convened in 3 sessions from 1545 to 1563 to adress the crisis of the reformation.
The counil decided to counter the protestant threat, and further suggested that religious art be directed toward clarity (to increase understanding), realism (to make it more meaningful in everyday fashion), and emotion (to arouse piety and religious fervor).
Explain the council of trent´s recommendations for art.
Art ought to be easily understood, music had to be acessible and lyrics intelligible. Literature should celebrate religious values and ideals.
These were intended to counter the mannerist style (paintings were refined, stylized, virtuosic, decorative, complex in color, structure and allegorical content). Baroque art was to make direct statements on religious subjects familiar to the common people. Still from the mannerists, baroque artists inherited a reliance on emotionally charged and dramatic action.
council of trent began a renewal of faith, stirring religious fervor through church art and architecture, liturgies, rituals and dogmas.
Which 2 new religious orders emerged from the council of trent?
Oratorians and jesuits.
Explain the oratorians.
Founded by St. Philip Neri. roups of catholics, laymen and clergy who met informally and spirtual conversation, study and prayer. They did not meet in churched but in prayer halls called oratories. They were not a religious order (they took no vows and members could leave at any time). Music played an essential role in their religious devotions (especially vocal music). The composer most important to them was Palestrina. Later, musical performances became increasingly dramatic.
Explain the Jesuits.
In 1534 the Jesut order of Catholic priests was established by St. Ignatius Loyola, there was nothing informal about their organization or goals. The order was to follow a militaristic discipline. Members followed strict vows of poverty, chastity and obedience while pursuing a rigorous education in preperation for their missionary role. Priests played an important part in the religious life of the age, serving as confessors and spiritual advisers to artists and political leaders.
Most influential aspect of spirituality derives from the writings of st. ignatius. his ´spiritual exercises´ guide believers through a sequence of spiritual practices to intensify their relationship with god.
What was the thirty years´ war?
during the 30-year period from 1618 to 1648, a series of wars raged throughout central europe :
one side : coalition consisting of the Austrian Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperors, Ferinand I and II, with their Spanish cousin King Philip IV.
Other side : Denmark, France, Holland and Sweden.
Various German principalities fought on both sides.
The war also had a religious dimension with Lutherans, Catholics and Calvinists fighting one another at various times.
What happened in the thirty years´ war?
The war occurred when the Peace of Augsburg (1555) (which had ended violence between Lutherans and Catholics in Germany), became frayed. Tensions were worsened by rising political tensions throughout europe., as denmark, france, spain and sweden all had designs, for different reasons, on german lands. The fight was primarily on german lands, the war resulted in the deaths of about 1/3 of the german population.
What were the consequences of the thirty years´ war?
Spain declined both politically and militarily, with Portugal declaring its independence from Spain in 1640. With germany fractured into many competing territories, france grew in power.
It also resulted in an end to the age of mercenaries, or hired soldiers. The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which concluded the thirty years´ war, ended the era of the holy roman empire and religious unity; inaugurating a new era in which sovereign nation states controlled politics and diplomacy in Europe.
