2.2 - high renaissance in northern europe Flashcards
How did the works of painters like Bosch end up in other parts of Europe?
Philip II was a great collector of art in the last half of the 16th century. He was the nephew of Charles V who controlled spain, the low countries, german empire, hungary, spanish america and parts of italy and became a strong supporter of the arts. Financed by gold and silver from the americas, philip had brought more than 1500 paintings to spain.
Who was Erasmus and why was he a northern humanist?
northern humanist scholar like bosch. he saw the religious world of late 15th and early 16th century through a critical lens but he was no iconoclast. he blended the study of classical civilization with christian faith. he brought together the thought of plato with that of st. paul and the philosophy of aristotle with that of st. augustine.
Who was thomas more?
scholar and christian humanist. known for his utopia, which depicts an ideal state in which economic and social equality prevail and in which citizens are free to pursue religion and learning as they wish..
Who was martin luther and how did he play a part in the reformation.
dominated history of 16th century europe, key figure in the protestand reformation. He was a humanist scholar. He was no iconoclast but was well aware that his teachings sparked iconoclastic frenzy. His ideas were given greater impact by the advent of printing. After the publication of his 95-theses he drew attention to pope leo x. He crystallized reformist ideas that were simmering in other countries besides germany. but there were 3 concerns : the worldliness of the roman church, the idea that faith (not good words) lead to a persons salvation, 3. the tension between religious tradition as embodied in the papacy and scripture. He was also community minded. Laid religious grounds for social democracy and equality, ideas that would lead to social revolution in the next century throughout europe and the americas.
Who was john calvin and how did he play a part in the calvinism.
a more radical protestant leader active in geneva. his reformist views were not well received in france and he fled to switserland, where he published his institutes of the christian religion and set up a theocratic state. Like luther, his reforms involved stripping away what he considered external and distracting to true christian piety.. . From geneva, calvinism spread into other countries and impacted the social, political and intellectual life of all of them.
What is iconoclasm?
Systematic destruction of religious icons because of their religious connotations.
Explain iconoclasm in northern Europe in the 16th century.
As anti-catholic reform movements spread throughout northern europe in the 16th century, an iconoclastic fever spread with them. The destruction of religious images resulted from popular resentment against a church grown worldly and corrupt. The old testament prohibition against images (that led to idolatry was cited as the justification for this destruction. The art that had flourished under the patronage of julius ii and leo x became the symbol of the papacy´s corruption.
What happened in Zurich regarding iconoclasm?
religious leader Ulrich Zwingli prohibited the use of music in worship. This led church supporterd to dismantle the ghent altarpiece in 1566 and safeguard it in the tower of st. bavon.
Explain iconoclasm in England.
King Henry VIII ordered destruction of the monasteries in 1535, his motives were as much political as they were religious. He wanted to divorce Catharine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn, from whom he hoped for a male heir, but as a Catholic he could not do this. After 6 years og negotiations with Pope Clement VIII in Rome, he eliminated the papal authority in England . Thus the church of england was born (anglican church) and it granted his divorce.
European exploration was stimulated by a variety of motives. Which ones?
- economic motives : search for lands with resources suitable for cultivating crops that could be sold for cash, and the goal of establishing trade routes to asian markets. 2. religious motives : european desire to expand the boundaries of christianity, a missionary relgion.
Why was the age of discovery an age of doubt?
Not only geography underwent revision in the 16th century, the reformation places the authority of institutional orthodoxy in doubt. By saying that the authority resided in the individual, Luther echoeda humanist trend. His emphasis on individual conscience, private judgement and the individual act of faith was part of the cultural transformation that led to the secularization of society and the rise of scientific investigation.
Who was Nicolas Copernicus?
Polish astronomer, published ´on the revolutions of celestial bodies´. Building on the work of ptolemy, he argued that the earth and other planets orbit the sun, rather than the sun and planets revolving around earth. Theologians refused to believe that the earth was not the center of the universe, and his book was placed on the index of prohibited books in 1616.
Name the 5 reformers, their country and their significance.
desiderius erasmus, nl, the praise of folly. martin luther, germany, the 95 thesis. ulrich zwingli, switzerland, iconoclasm. john calvin, switzerland, predestination. king henry VIII, england, destruction of monasteries.
Name a few new scientists and what they discovered.
Francis Bacon advocated a scientific method in which actual observations needed to be made in planned experiments. In the same year copernicus published ´on the revolutions of celestial bodies´, andreas vesalius published his ´7 books on the structure of the human body´ which illustrated the anatomy of the human body based on actual observations. Sir William Harvey discovered capillaries in the human circulation system, solving the mystery of how blood returned to the heart from the arteries. John napier discovered the logarithm, freeing mathematicians from arduouus calculation. Gemma Frisius discovered new principles for increasing accuracy in surveying and mapmaking using the technique of triangulation.
Who was Albrecht Dürer?
Artist whose fame derives from his prints. After visiting Italy, he became interested in the human figure and sutdied the male and female nude. In later years he worked more and more on theories of measurement and proportions. Although he did paint and printed religious subjects, most were executed early in his career. In 1519 he became a follower of martin luther. As the reformation gained momentum, painters in the north turned more and more to secular subjects.
