Chapter 3 Flashcards
What are the differences between the two types of cells?
Prokaryotic cells lack membrane bound organelles while eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles.
What tends to enter and leave the cell?
Nutrients like glucose enter the cell and wastes like CO2 leave the cell.
What is important for materials to enter and leave the cell?
Surface area must be large (larger cells are less efficient).
What does the plasma membrane do and where is it located? What about cytoplasm?
It forms a boundary of cells to outside environment and regulates the entrance and exit of molecules into and out of the cell. It is located around a cell. Cytoplasm is a semi-fluid medium located inside the cell that keeps organelles.
What are the main anatomy parts of a bacterial cell and briefly describe them.
Cell wall which is located outside outside of the plasma membrane and consists of peptidoglycan. A capsule which is a gelatinous sheath that surrounds the cell wall, flagellum which is a long thin appendage used for movement, fimbriae which are short appendages that help attach to surfaces, nucleoid which is a region in the cytoplasm where a single bacterial chromosome is located and not protected by a membrane, ribosomes which are used for protein synthesis and thylakoids which are membranes of flattened disks that contain light sensitive pigments.
What do plant cells have that animal cells do not.
Cell walls (animal cells never have these), chloroplast, and central vacuole which helps maintain pressure in the cell and provide structure and support.
Describe the nucleus.
stores genetic material (DNA) and contains chromatin which become chromosomes, nuclear envelope which is a double membrane that separate the nucleus from the cytoplasm, nuclear pores which are openings that permit transport proteins and ribosomal subunits, nucleoplasm which is a semi-fluid medium in the nucleus and the nucleolus which is where rRNA is made
What do ribosomes do?
They are the site of protein synthesis and use mRNA as a template (consists of small and large subunit which consist of rRNA and protein molecules)
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
It processes, folds, and modifies proteins.
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
It synthesizes phospholipids and steroids as well as storing calcium ions.
What is the golgi apparatus?
It consists of a stack of 3-20 slightly curved sacs, it collects, sorts, packages, and distributes materials like proteins and lipids. Materials are discharged by means of secretion.
What are vesicles?
They are small units travelling out of the cell that have a double phospholipid bilayer. They carry cells products where needed.
What are lysosomes?
Membrane enclosed vesicles formed by golgi. They contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes and break down unwanted, foreign substances or worn-out parts of cells. They also bring macromolecules into the cell.
What are the different kinds of vesicles?
Transport/secretory, peroxisomes, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
What does a vacuole do?
Stores substances like water, pigments, and toxins
What do peroxisomes do?
Break down fats.
What are the 2 energy related organelles?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts.
What do chloroplasts do?
Use solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates
What do mitochondria do?
They use the breakdown of carbohydrates to produce ATP.
What is the difference between grana and stroma?
Grana are stacks of thylakoid membranes and stroma are fluid filled spaces bounded by a double membrane.
What is the difference between the matrix and cristae?
Matrix is the inner-fluid-filled space, and cristae are formed by invaginations of the inner membrane.
What does the cytoskeleton consist of?
Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
What do actin filaments do?
They interact with motor molecules for movement
What do intermediate filaments do?
They support the nuclear envelope and help form cell to cell junctions.
What do microtubules do?
They help maintain cell shape, interact with motor molecules for movement, and form spindle apparatus during cell division.
What is a centriole?
A centriole is only found in animal cells, and may be involved in microtubule assembly and disassembly as well as cell division.
What is a centrosome?
A small region next to the nucleus in cytoplasm that makes centrioles and microtubules
What are cilia and flagella?
Hairlike projections that aid in cell movement. (Cilia are shorter and flagella are longer)
