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Biology 093 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels in the cardiovascular system?

A

Arteries, capillaries, and veins.

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2
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood away from the heart.

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3
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Permit exchange of materials with tissues. Join arterioles to venules. Play important role in homeostasis.

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4
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood toward the heart.

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5
Q

Name and describe the 3 layers of an arteriole wall.

A

Endothelium: inner layer, simple squamous epithelium.
Middle layer: thickest layer, contains smooth muscle.
Outer layer: fibrous and loose connective tissue.

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6
Q

What is the largest artery in the human body?

A

The aorta, which carries O2 rich blood from heart to other parts of the body.

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7
Q

What do arteries branch off into?

A

Arterioles that can be dilated or constricted to regulate blood pressure.

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8
Q

Describe capillaries.

A

Extremely narrow, thin walls, a single layer of epithelium. Organized into networks called capillary beds.

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9
Q

What is an arteriovenous shunt?

A

Capillary beds have them, it bypasses the bed so that blood flows directly from arterioles to venules.

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10
Q

Where do veins and venules take blood from capillary beds?

A

To the heart.

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11
Q

What can venules do?

A

Drain blood from capillaries and then join to form a vein.

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12
Q

Which is thinner- artery or vein.

A

Vein.

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13
Q

What is different with blood flow in veins than arteries?

A

Blood flow in veins is not kept moving by the pumping of the heart.

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14
Q

What do valves in veins do?

A

Prevent backflow of blood, and direct blood towards the heart.

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15
Q

What is blood flow in veins dependent on?

A

Skeletal muscle contraction.

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16
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

Hemorrhoids are caused by veins enlarging as blood pools and becomes visible at skin surface.

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17
Q

What do thinner walls do for veins?

A

They have a greater capacity to expand.

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18
Q

What is blood?

A

Connective tissue with a liquid matrix.

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19
Q

What are some functions of blood?

A

Transport nutrients, wastes, and hormones.
Regulation of body temperature, blood and osmotic pressures, and pH.
Protection against disease-causing pathogens, excess loss of blood by clotting mechanisms.

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20
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood?

A

Top layer is liquid plasma, formed elements are the two lower layers.

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21
Q

Describe plasma.

A

Contains inorganic and organic substances dissolved or suspended in water.

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22
Q

What are the purposes of plasma?

A

Transport bilirubin, lipoproteins, and cholesterol.
Blood clotting: fibrinogen molecules.
Fight disease: immunoglobulin.

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23
Q

Describe red blood cells.

A

Lack a nucleus when mature, contain hemoglobin.

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24
Q

Where are red blood cells destroyed?

A

In liver and spleen. Iron is mostly recycled.

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25
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A

Speeds up maturation of red blood cells in bone marrow.

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26
Q

What is anemia?

A

Too few red blood cells, not enough hemoglobin in red blood cells.

27
Q

What are the 3 causes of anemia?

A

Decreased production of red blood cells, loss of red blood cells, and destruction of red blood cells.

28
Q

Describe white blood cells.

A

Usually larger than red blood cells, nucleated, lack hemoglobin, fight infection and provide immunity.

29
Q

What are the 2 groups of white blood cells?

A

Granular leukocytes, and agranular leukocytes.

30
Q

Describe granular leukocytes.

A

Have visible granules in cytoplasm. Examples: neutrophils, basophils which release histamine, eosinophils which fight parasitic worms.

31
Q

Describe agranular leukocytes.

A

Lack visible granules, typically have kidney-shaped or spherical nucleus. Examples: monocytes: largest white blood cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages.
Lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes.

32
Q

What is a sign of bacterial infections?

A

Neutrophils elevated.

33
Q

What is a sign of infectious mononucleosis?

A

B cells elevated.

34
Q

What is a sign of AIDS?

A

T cells decreased.

35
Q

What is a sign of leukemia?

A

Abnormal white blood cells.

36
Q

What is prothrombin activator?

A

Released by platelets and damaged tissues. Initiates a series of enzymatic actions.

37
Q

Describe blood clotting.

A

Clot is composed of network of fibrin threads and trapped cells. Plasmin eventually breaks down the clot.

38
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

Capable of dividing and producing new cells that can differentiate into particular cell types. Find in bone marrow.

39
Q

What two forces control movement of fluid through a capillary wall?

A

Osmotic pressure: causes water to move from tissues to blood.
Blood pressure: causes water to move from blood to tissues.

40
Q

What happens at the arterial end of capillaries?

A

Hydrostatic pressure is higher, so water moves out, and contributes to tissue fluids. Midway through the capillary, these forces are equalized and there is no net movement of water.

41
Q

What happens at the venous end of a capillary?

A

Osmotic pressure is greater than blood pressure so water moves into capillary. Most water gets reabsorbed as what left the capillary at the arterial end.

42
Q

What happens to the small amount of fluid not taken by venous end?

A

Can be absorbed by lymphatic capillaries.

43
Q

Describe myocardium of heart.

A

Major portion of the heart, consists mainly of cardiac muscle.

44
Q

Describe the pericardium of the heart.

A

Serous membrane that surrounds the heart.

45
Q

Describe the endocardium of the heart.

A

Lines the inner surface of the heart, membrane consisting of connective tissue and endothelium.

46
Q

Describe internal anatomy of the heart.

A

Four chambers: 2 atria- thin walled, pump blood to ventricles. 2 ventricles- thick walled, pump blood to lungs and body. Septum separates the right and left sides.

47
Q

What are the 4 valves?

A

2 atrioventricular valves: Tricuspid valve (on right). Bicuspid valve (on left).
2 semilunar valves: Pulmonary semilunar, and aortic semilunar.

48
Q

What is the pathway of blood through the heart?

A

Vena cava- right atrium- tricuspid valve- right ventricle- pulmonary semilunar valve- pulmonary trunk- pulmonary arteries- lungs- pulmonary veins- left atrium- bicuspid valve- left ventricle- aortic semilunar valve- aorta- body.

49
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped by left ventricle per minute.

50
Q

What is a pulse?

A

Wave effect that passes down the walls of arteries when the aorta expands and then recoils with each ventricular contraction.

51
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction of the heart muscle.

52
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation of the heart muscle.

53
Q

What can a heart murmur mean?

A

A leaky valve.

54
Q

Describe the sinoatrial node.

A

Makes atria contract and initiates heartbeat.

55
Q

Describe the atrioventricular node.

A

Make ventricles contract.

56
Q

What is another way to regulate heartbeat?

A

Medulla oblongata.

57
Q

What are the two cardiovascular system circuits?

A

Pulmonary circuit: circulates blood through the lungs.

Systemic circuit: circulates blood through the rest of the body.

58
Q

Describe coronary arteries.

A

Serve the heart muscle itself since blood from the chambers does not nourish the heart. Are the first branches off aorta and lie on the exterior surface of the heart.

59
Q

Describe atherosclerosis.

A

Plaque accumulates beneath inner lining of arteries. Cause clots to form allowing platelets to accumulate.

60
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure. Caused by narrowing of the arteries.

61
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Cerebrovascular accident. Arteriole in brain bursts or is blocked by plaque.

62
Q

What is heart attack?

A

Vessel becomes completely blocked and a portion of the heart muscle is deprived of oxygen.

63
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Ballooning of a blood vessel. Most common in abdominal aorta or arteries leading to the brain.

64
Q

What does aspirin do?

A

Reduces stickiness of platelets.

Biology 093 (27 decks)

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