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Biology 093 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is tissue composed of?

A

Similarly specialized cells that perform a common function in the body.

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2
Q

What makes up an organ?

A

Several types of tissues.

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues in the human body?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.

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4
Q

Describe epithelial tissue.

A

Tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer. Usually cover a body cavity.

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5
Q

What does epithelial tissue do on external surfaces?

A

Protects the body and prevent drying out.

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6
Q

What does epithelial tissue do on internal surfaces?

A

Carries out both protective and specific functions.

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7
Q

What are all the cell shapes?

A

Squamous: flattened cells
Cuboidal: cubed-shaped cells
Columnar: look like pillars.

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8
Q

What are the numbers of layers of tissues?

A

Simple: single layer of cells.
Stratified: multiple layers of cells.
Pseudostratified: appears to be layered but each cell touches basement membrane.

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9
Q

What is a gland?

A

An organ that synthesizes products such as hormones for release and is covered by epithelial tissue. Can be single or multiple cells.

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10
Q

What are the different types of glands?

A

Exocrine glands: secrete products into ducts.

Endocrine glands: secrete products into bloodstream.

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11
Q

Describe connective tissue.

A

Binds organs together, fills spaces, stores fat, and provides support and protection.

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12
Q

What are connective tissues separated by?

A

Matrix

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13
Q

What are the different fibres in connective tissue?

A

Collagen: protein that gives flexibility and strength.
Elastic: protein that can stretch
Reticular: branched fibres that form supporting network.

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14
Q

Describe loose fibrous connective tissue.

A

Supports epithelium and enclose/protect many internal organs. Being loose allows for expansion. Examples: lungs, arteries, and bladder.

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15
Q

Describe dense fibrous connective tissue.

A

Contains many collagen fibres packed together. Forms a strong robe like structure. Examples: tendons and ligaments.

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16
Q

Describe adipose tissue.

A

Fibroblast cell enlarge and store fat and can be used for energy storage, insulation, and organ protection. Found under skin, around heart and kidneys.

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17
Q

What is reticular connective tissue.

A

Supporting network found around lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow.

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18
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Specialized form of dense fibrous connective tissue, commonly forms smooth surfaces that allow bones to slide against one another in joints.

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.

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20
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage.

A

Contains very fine collagen fibres, in the nose and ends of long bones and ribs. Rings in the walls of respiratory passages. Parts of the fetal skeleton.

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21
Q

Describe elastic cartilage.

A

More flexible, framework of outer ear.

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22
Q

Describe fibrocartilage.

A

Contains strong collagen fibres. Withstand tension and pressure. Example: pads between vertebrae.

23
Q

What is bone?

A

The most rigid connective tissue. Extremely hard matrix-formed from calcium salts deposited around collagen fibres.

24
Q

What are the 2 types of bone tissue?

A

Compact and spongy.

25
Q

Describe compact bone.

A

Forms shafts of long bones.

26
Q

Describe spongy bone.

A

Contains many bony bars and plates, separated by irregular spaces. Found in the ends of long bones.

27
Q

Describe blood.

A

Unlike other types of connective tissue, the matrix is not made by the cells. Its functions are to transport nutrients and oxygen and remove carbon dioxide and wastes, Protect against diseases, and blood clotting to protect against fluid loss.

28
Q

What are the components of blood.

A 
Plasma (55%): variety of inorganic and organic substances dissolved or suspended in water.
Formed elements (45%): red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
29
Q

Describe red blood cells.

A

Small, disk-shaped cells that lack a nucleus. Contain hemoglobin for transport of oxygen.

30
Q

Describe white blood cells.

A

Larger cells with a nucleus that fight infection.

31
Q

Describe platelets.

A

Cell fragments involved in blood clotting. Help to form a plug that seals damaged blood vessels, injured tissues released molecules to stimulate the clotting process.

32
Q

What is muscular tissue composed of?

A

Cells called muscle fibres.

33
Q

What are the different kinds of muscular tissue?

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac.

34
Q

Describe skeletal muscle.

A

Cells fuse into a fiber and become multi-nucleated. They are usually attached by tendons to bones of the skeleton. Voluntary control.

35
Q

Describe smooth muscle.

A

Cells lack striations, have a smooth appearance, occurs in blood vessels and viscera. Cells are spindle-shaped with a single nucleus. Not under voluntary control.

36
Q

Describe cardiac muscle.

A

Found in walls of heart, has branching, striated cells, each with a single nucleus. Involuntary.

37
Q

Describe nervous tissue.

A

Contains neurons and is found in the brain and spinal cord.

38
Q

What are all the anatomical parts of humans?

A 
Ventral or anterior: Towards the front
Dorsal: towards the back
Superior: towards the head
Anterior: towards the feet
Medial: towards the body midline
Lateral: away from the body midline
39
Q

What cavities does the human body have?

A

Ventral cavity or coelom.

Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, Dorsal cavity, vertebral cavity.

40
Q

Describe the abdominal cavity.

A

Separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm. Stomach, liver, spleen, gall badder and most of the small and large intestines.

41
Q

Describe the pelvic cavity.

A

Bladder, rectum, internal reproductive organs.

42
Q

Describe the dorsal cavity.

A

Cranial cavity- within the skull, contains the brain.

43
Q

Describe vertebral cavity.

A

Made up of vertebrae, contains the spinal cord.

44
Q

What are body membranes?

A

Line cavities and the internal spaces of organs and tubes that open to the outside.

45
Q

What are mucous membranes?

A

Line tubes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems.

46
Q

What are serous membranes?

A

They line thoracic and abdominal cavities. Made of epithelium and loose fibrous connective tissues. They secrete watery fluid for lubrication.

47
Q

What are synovial membranes?

A

Made of loose connective tissue. Line freely moveable joints.

48
Q

What are meninges?

A

Line dorsal cavity, protect the brain and spinal cord.

49
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

Skin, accessory organs like hair, nails, and glands.

50
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

Protects underlying tissues, helps to regulate body temperature, synthesizes vitamin D, and contains sensory receptors.

51
Q

What are the two regions of the skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis.

52
Q

Describe the epidermis.

A

Consists of stratified squamous epithelium, barrier to infection, protects against water loss.

53
Q

Describe the dermis.

A

Fibrous connective tissue beneath epidermis, contains collagen fibres, contains elastic fibres, contains blood vessels, contains sensory receptors for touch, pain, pressure and temperature.

54
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer made of?

A

Adipose tissue which stores fat.

Biology 093 (27 decks)

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