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Biology 093 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two parts of ventilation?

A

Inspiration: conducts air towards the lungs
Expiration: conducts air away from the lungs.

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2
Q

What do the respiratory system and cardiovascular system work together to accomplish?

A

External respiration: exchange of gases between air and blood.
Transport of gases: to and from the lungs and the tissues.
Internal respiration: exchange of gases between blood and tissue fluid.

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3
Q

What happens to air as it moves in along the airways?

A

It is cleansed by nostril hair, cilia, and mucus, it is warmed by the heat given off by the blood vessels lying close, and it is moistened by the wet surfaces of the air passages.

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4
Q

Describe the nose.

A

Part of upper respiratory tract. Air enters through nostrils. Contains two nasal cavities. It is separated from mouth by hard and soft palate.

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5
Q

Describe the pharynx.

A

Connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx.

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6
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx: where the nasal cavities open posterior to soft palate.
Orophaynx: where the mouth opens.
Laryngopharynx: opens into the larynx.

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7
Q

What is the uvula?

A

Soft extension of soft palate that projects into orophrarynx.

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8
Q

Describe the tonsils.

A

A protective ring, lymphatic tissue that protects against inhaled microbes.

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9
Q

Describe the larynx.

A

Cartilaginous structure. Passageway for air between pharynx and trachea.

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10
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

Flap preventing food from entering the respiratory tract.

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11
Q

Describe the vocal cords.

A

Folds of mucosa that vibrate to make sounds. Contains the glottis which is the opening between folds.

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12
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Tube connecting larynx to primary bronchi. Held open by C-shaped cartilage rings. Epithelium layer consists of goblet cells and cilia.

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13
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Produce mucus which engulfs foreign particles. Found in bronchi and bronchioles.

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14
Q

Describe Cilia.

A

Small, hair like projections sweep particles trapped in mucus upwards. Sweep to pharynx and then either to digestive tract or swallowed.

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15
Q

What does the trachea divide into?

A

Right and left primary bronchi, which leads into right and left lungs. Then branches to secondary bronchi and eventually leads to bronchioles.

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16
Q

What is alveoli?

A

End of respiratory tree. Each remains moist, most of their surface is covered with blood capillaries.

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17
Q

What does each bronchiole lead into?

A

Alveoli.

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18
Q

Describe the lungs.

A

Paired, cone shaped organs. Occupy the thoracic cavity.

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19
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3 lobes.

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20
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2 lobes to allow room for heart.

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21
Q

What is each lung covered by?

A

A thin serous membrane called pleura.

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22
Q

What are the alveoli made up of?

A

Simple squamous epithelium surrounded by blood capillaries.

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23
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Between the air in the alveolus and the blood in the capillaries. Oxygen diffuses across the walls into the blood. Carbon dioxide diffuses into alveoli.

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24
Q

What is pulmonary surfactant?

A

Helps prevent alveoli from closing.

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25
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

Medical device used to record volume of air exchanged during both normal and deep breathing.

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26
Q

What is a spirograph?

A

Shows the measurements recorded when a person breathes.

27
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath at rest.

28
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Maximum volume moved in and out in a breath.

29
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Forced inhalation of air moved in above tidal volume.

30
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Forced exhalation of air moved out beyond tidal volume.

31
Q

How much tidal volume reaches the alveoli during normal breathing?

A

70%. 30% remains in the airways.

32
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Amount of air always remaining in lungs.

33
Q

Describe the process of ventilation.

A
  1. There is a continuous column of air from pharynx to alveoli.
  2. The lungs lie in the sealed off thoracic cavity.
  3. The lungs adhere to the thoracic wall by way of the pleura.
34
Q

Describe inspiration.

A

The active phase: diaphragm contracts and becomes flattened. Internal intercostals contract and raise rib cage up and out. Volume of thoracic cavity increases.

35
Q

During inspiration what happens to air and air pressure?

A

Air pressure inside alveoli lowers, and air rushes in due to negative pressure.

36
Q

Describe expiration.

A

The passive phase:
Diaphragm and internal intercostals relax. Recoil returns them to original shape. Volume of thoracic cavity decreases. Air pressure inside alveoli increases and air rushes out.

37
Q

What does the respiratory centre do?

A

Located in the medulla oblongata and controls the ventilation rhythm. It stimulates inspiration by sending signals to certain muscles.

38
Q

When does inspiration begin?

A

When the respiratory center sends out nerve impulses to the diaphragm and external intercostals, causing contraction.

39
Q

When does expiration begin?

A

When the respiratory centre ceases to send out nerve impulses to the diaphragm and external intercostals; relaxation occurs. The respiratory centre is also influenced by chemical and neural input.

40
Q

What does hemoglobin do?

A

Most of the O2 carried in the blood is attached to the iron-containing heme portion of hemoglobin.

41
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

The amount of pressure each gas in a mixture exerts.

42
Q

What is most CO2 carried as?

A

Bicarbonate ions.

43
Q

What does carbonic anhydrase do?

A

Catalyzes the breakdown of carbonic acid.

44
Q

What happens to bicarbonate at the lungs?

A

It becomes carbonic acid, then carbonic anhydrase breaks it into CO2 and CO2 leaves blood to lungs and out.

45
Q

Regarding oxyhemoglobin what happens during internal respiration?

A

Exchange of gas between systemic capillaries and tissues, partial pressure of O2 is greater in capillaries than tissues and oxyhemoglobin gives up O2 which diffuses out of the blood into tissues. CO2 diffuses into the blood and most combines with H2O.

46
Q

What does carbonic anhydrase do during internal respiration?

A

Speeds up the reaction.

47
Q

What happens when CO2 joins with water?

A

Becomes carbonic acid, then changes to bicarbonate.

48
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract involve?

A

Nasal cavities, the pharynx, and the larynx.

49
Q

What are most common colds caused by?

A

Relatively mild viruses. Most common being rhinoviruses.

50
Q

Are antibiotics effective regarding the common cold?

A

No.

51
Q

What is pharyngitis?

A

Inflammation of the throat due to infection. (Strep throat).

52
Q

Can strep throat be treated by antibiotics?

A

Yes.

53
Q

Describe tonsillitis.

A

Tonsils become inflamed and enlarged.

54
Q

Describe laryngitis.

A

Inflammation of the larynx, causes hoarseness with difficulty in speaking.

55
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of the cranial sinuses within the facial skeleton that drain into the nasal cavities. Develops when nasal congestion blocks sinus openings.

56
Q

What causes disorders of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Foreign objects lodged in the trachea, excessive mucus in bronchi or bronchioles, and conditions that tend to restrict normal elasticity.

57
Q

What is acute bronchitis?

A

Inflammation of the primary and secondary bronchi. Usually preceded by a viral infection that leads to a secondary bacterial infection.

58
Q

Describe chronic bronchitis.

A

Airways are inflamed and filled with mucus. Bronchi have undergone degenerative change including the loss of cilia. usually caused by smoking.

59
Q

Describe asthma.

A

A disease of the bronchi and bronchioles. Wheezing and breathlessness occurs. Triggered by specific irritants. Smooth muscles in bronchioles spasms.

60
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Infection in which bronchi or alveoli fill with a thick fluid. Symptoms include high fever, chest pain. Caused by bacteria, viruses, and other infectious agents.

61
Q

What is pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

Caused by bacterium. Lung cells build a protective capsule around invading bacteria. If resistance is low, bacteria escape and spread.

62
Q

Describe cystic fibrosis.

A

Genetic condition. Caused by defective protein needed for CI- transport. Mucus in the lungs becomes very thick and sticky and interferes with breathing.

63
Q

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Fibrous connective tissue builds up in the lack of elasticity. Vital capacity is consequently reduced.

64
Q

Describe lung cancer.

A 
Thickening of cells lining bronchi
Loss of cilia
Appearance of cells with atypical nuclei
Tumor formation
Cancerous cells spread to other parts of the body.

Biology 093 (27 decks)

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