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Biology 093 > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the skeleton do?

A

Provides attachment sites for the muscles.

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2
Q

What does the musculoskeletal system include?

A

The bones and muscles.

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3
Q

How are bones classified?

A

By their shape.

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4
Q

Describe long bones.

A

Enclosed by periosteum. Made of tough, fibrous connective tissue. Contains blood vessels that service bone.

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5
Q

What is epiphyses?

A

Expanded end of long bone.

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6
Q

What is diaphysis?

A

Shaft between the epiphyses.

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7
Q

Describe compact bone.

A

Highly organized, composed of osteons and tubular units.

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8
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Bone cells that lie in lacunae which are spaces around osteocytes that contain cartilage. Central canals contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

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9
Q

What are lamellae?

A

Hard plates in osteons with collagen fibres and mineral salts like calcium.

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10
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Tiny channels that connect lacunae to each other and move food/wastes.

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11
Q

Describe spongy bone.

A

Unorganized, osteocytes are found in trabeculae. Numerous thin plates surrounded by unequal spaces.

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12
Q

Describe cartilage.

A

Not as strong as bone but more flexible. Gel-like matrix with many collagen and elastic fibres. Cells lie within lacunae which are irregularly grouped. No blood vessels feed cartilage.

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic.

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14
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage.

A

Firm and somewhat flexible. In the ends of long bones, nose, ends of ribs, larynx, and trachea.

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15
Q

Describe fibrocartilage.

A

Stronger, thick collagen fibres, can withstand both pressure and tension. Found in intervertebral disks, and knees.

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16
Q

Describe elastic cartilage.

A

Most flexible, elastin fibres, found in ear flaps and epiglottis.

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17
Q

Describe ligaments.

A

Connect bone to bone.

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18
Q

Describe tendons.

A

Connect muscle to bone.

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19
Q

What does endochondral ossification do?

A

Replaces cartilage with bone. (Gradually).

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20
Q

Describe endochondral ossification.

A

Osteoblasts invade and produce spongy bone in what is called the primary ossification centre. Other osteoblasts then produce compact bone beneath the periosteum.

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21
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Cells that build up bone tissue. They also pick up calcium from blood and deposit it in the new bone matrix.

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22
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Cells that break down bone and release calcium into the blood.

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23
Q

What do both osteoclasts and osteoblasts do?

A

Bone remodelling, which can change bone thickness.

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24
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton that pertain to specific bones?

A

Support the body, protect soft body parts, produces blood cells, stores minerals and fats, assists with muscle movement.

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25
Q

How many bones do humans have in their skeleton?

A

206.

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26
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the skeleton?

A

Axial Skeleton: midline of the body.

Appendicular Skeleton: Bones of limbs and the limb girdles.

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27
Q

Describe the skull.

A

Formed by cranium and facial bones.

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28
Q

Describe the cranium.

A

Protects the brain, not completely ossified in infants. Also has sinuses, which are air spaces lined by mucous membranes and reduce the weight of the skull.

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29
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

An opening at the base of the cranium where spinal column and associated nerves can meet the brain.

30
Q

What are the facial bones?

A

Mandible: lower jaw; only moveable bone in the skull.
Maxillae: upper jaw; also forms anterior hard palate.
Zygomatic bones: cheekbones.

31
Q

Describe the hyoid bone.

A

Only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone. It is attached to the larynx via membrane, and to the temporals by muscles and ligaments. It anchors the tongue and attaches muscles associated with swallowing.

32
Q

How many vertebrae do humans have?

A

33.

33
Q

What are intervertebral disks?

A

Occur between the vertebrae as padding. Composed of fibrocartilage. Help absorb shock and prevent vertebrae from grinding.

34
Q

Describe the rib cage.

A

Composed of thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and associated cartilages and sternum. Both protective and flexible. Protects the heart and lungs.

35
Q

How many ribs in total?

A

12.

36
Q

What are true ribs?

A

7 Upper pairs which articulate directly with sternum by means of a costal cartilage.

37
Q

What are false ribs?

A

3 pairs which first join in a common cartilage and then to the sternum.

38
Q

What are floating ribs?

A

2 pairs that do not articulate with the sternum at all.

39
Q

What is the manubrium?

A

It articulates with clavicle and first rib pair.

40
Q

Where is the “body”?

A

After or below manubrium, where costal cartilage of 1st seven ribs attach.

41
Q

What is the xiphoid process?

A

Serves as attachment site for diaphragm.

42
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

Bones within the pectoral and pelvic girdles and their attached limbs.

43
Q

What doe the pectoral girdle have?

A

Clavicle, which articulates with the sternum and acromion process of scapula.

44
Q

Describe the scapula.

A

Glenoid cavity: articulates with humerus.
Coracoid process: Point of arm and chest muscle attachment as found on scapula.
Acromion process: again where clavicle articulates with scapula.

45
Q

Describe the upper limb.

A

Humerus: upper arm bone
Radius: bone of forearm, parallel with thumb
Ulna: bone of forearm.

46
Q

Describe the hand.

A

Carpal bones: Eight bones of wrist.
Metacarpals: five bones that form the palm
Phalanges: bones of the digits.

47
Q

Describe the pelvic girdle.

A

Composed of 2 hipbones, each connects to sacrum that then leads to the coccyx (tailbone).

48
Q

What does the coccyx do?

A

Protects internal organs, bears weight of body, serves as point of attachment for lower limbs.

49
Q

What are the lower limbs?

A

The femur: largest bone

Tibia: weight bearing bone of lower leg.

50
Q

What is the patella?

A

Kneecap.

51
Q

What is the fibula?

A

Smaller bone on lateral side of tibia.

52
Q

What are tarsals?

A

Ankle bones.

53
Q

What are metatarsals?

A

Instep of foot.

54
Q

What are the three ways bones that are joined at joints are classified?

A

Fibrous: immoveable.
Cartilaginous: slightly moveable
Synovial: freely moveable.

55
Q

Describe synovial joints.

A

Freely moveable, two bones are separated by a cavity, the ligaments hold the two bones in place and form a joint capsule. Tendons help to stabilize the joint, and the joint capsule is lined by a synovial membrane.

56
Q

What are some major synovial joints?

A

Shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee.

57
Q

What are bursae?

A

Fluid-filled sacs which ease friction between tendons and ligaments.

58
Q

What are the different types of synovial joints?

A

Hinge joint: permits movement in one direction only
Pivot joint: permits only rotational movement
Ball and socket joint: permits movement in all planes.

59
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal.

60
Q

Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary.

61
Q

How are skeletal muscles named?

A

By size, shape, location, direction of muscle fibres, number of attachments and action.

62
Q

What is a muscle fiber?

A

A cell containing typical cellular components which have been given special names.

63
Q

What are the special names pertaining to muscle fibres?

A

Sarcolemma: plasma membrane
Sarcoplasmic reticulum: endoplasmic reticulum
Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm.

64
Q

Describe sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

Expanded portion stores Ca, which is essential for contraction. It encases many myofibrils, the contractile portion of muscle cells. Look like cables.

65
Q

What is a sacromere?

A

A unit that can contract. Has z lines on either end, and z lines give striated appearance.

66
Q

What is between the z lines?

A

Contains two types of contractile proteins:
Actin: thin filament
Myosin: thick filament.

67
Q

Where is actin located?

A

On either side of myosin.

68
Q

Where is myosin located?

A

In between actin filaments.

69
Q

What happens after a nerve impulse occurs?

A

Calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum causes globular head of myosin to attach to actin. Then, ATP molecules become ADP, in turn, actin filaments slide and cause contraction of entire sacromere.

70
Q

Describe sphincter muscles.

A

Circular muscle found at body passages such as esophagus, stomach, anus, and eyes. Normally constricts, relaxes to let things pass.

71
Q

Name some disorders of the skeleton and joints.

A

Osteoporosis: bones lose mass and mineral content.
Arthritis: osteoarthritis- degenerative joint disease
Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune disease, joints and other tissues are attacked.
Muscular dystrophies: genetic, vary in severity.

Biology 093 (27 decks)

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