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Biology 093 > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do organisms that utilize sexual reproduction must produce?

A

Gametes.

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2
Q

What are gametes?

A

Haploid sex cells united in fertilization.

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3
Q

Where is sperm produced and matured?

A

Produced in the testes and matures in the epididymis. Maturation involves gaining motility.

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4
Q

Describe the male genital tract.

A

Sperm passes through the vas deferens where they can be stored. Each vas deferens empties into an ejaculatory duct which connects to the urethra.

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5
Q

What 3 glands contribute to semen?

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.

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6
Q

Describe seminal vesicles.

A

Paired, and contribute to most fluid of semen. Vitamins, proteins, and fructose in fluid for sperm nourishment.

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7
Q

Describe prostate gland.

A

Single, secretes a slightly alkaline fluid which helps sperm motility and looks milky. Muscles of prostate push semen into urethra.

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8
Q

Describe bulbourethral glands.

A

Pea-sized organs. Lubricates distal urethra. Neutralizes remaining urine in urethra.

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9
Q

Describe the penis.

A

Male organ of sexual intercourse. Long shaft and enlarged tip called glans penis. At birth, glans penis covered by foreskin.

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10
Q

Describe erection and orgasm in males.

A

Spongy, erectile tissue containing distensible blood space extends through penis shaft. Arousal increases blood flow to penis causing an erection. Autonomic nerves release nitric oxide.

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11
Q

What are some causes of ED (erectile disfunction)?

A

Poor blood flow, certain medications, and many illnesses.

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12
Q

What happens when sexual stimulation intensifies?

A

Sperm enters from the vas deferentia, and glands contribute secretions to the semen. Semen is ejaculated followed by refractory period.

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13
Q

Describe the testes.

A

Produce sperm and male sex hormones. Located outside of the abdominal body cavity. Scrotum helps regulate temperature of the testes. Have lobules.

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14
Q

What is contained in a lobule in the testes?

A

1-3 tightly coiled seminiferous tubules.

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15
Q

What happens in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Spermatogenesis.

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16
Q

What are sertoli cells?

A

Found in seminiferous tubules, function is to support, nourish, and regulate spermatogenic cells.

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17
Q

What are interstitial cells?

A

Secrete male sex hormones, the androgens. Cells lie between the seminiferous tubules.

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18
Q

What is the most important androgen?

A

Testosterone.

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19
Q

What are the three main parts of the sperm?

A

Head: acrosome contains enzymes needed to penetrate an egg.
Middle piece: many mitochondria to provide energy for movement.
Tail: structured like flagellum.

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20
Q

What does the hypothalamus do for hormonal regulation in males?

A

Has control of the testes’ sexual function.

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21
Q

What happens in males when puberty is reached?

A

GnRH will be released, and will cause two other hormones to be released: Follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone.

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22
Q

What does Follicle stimulating hormone do? (FSH)

A

Targets seminiferous tubules to stimulate sperm production.

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23
Q

What does Luteinizing hormone do? (LH).

A

Stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone.

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24
Q

What is testosterone essential for?

A

Normal development and function of the male reproductive organs. Responsible for male bone and muscle mass and body hair.

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25
Q

What are the female gonads?

A

Ovaries.

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26
Q

What is the production of an egg or oocyte?

A

Oogenesis.

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27
Q

What is ovulation?

A

The process by which an oocyte bursts from ovary and enters a uterine tube.

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28
Q

What are the 4 parts in the female genital tract?

A

Uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina.

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29
Q

What extends from the uterus to the ovaries?

A

Oviducts/fallopian tubes.

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30
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

On oviducts, finger-like projections that sweep oocytes into the oviduct during ovulation. When in the oviduct, oocyte is propelled slowly towards the uterus.

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31
Q

Where does fertilization and zygote formation take place?

A

The uterine tube.

32
Q

Describe the uterus.

A

Thick-walled, muscular organ.

33
Q

What does the endometrium-inner lining of the uterus do?

A

Participates in the formation of the placenta.

34
Q

Describe the ovarian cycle.

A
  1. Infant will have follicles where meiosis 1 has been completed.
  2. Pause until first menstrual cycle.
  3. As follicle matures at menstrual cycle, oogenesis is initiated for follicle.
  4. Vesicular follicle bursts, releasing the secondary oocyte. (Ovulation).
  5. Once vesicular follicle loses secondary oocyte, develops into a corpus luteum which produces progesterone.
35
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular phase and luteal phase.

36
Q

Describe the follicular phase.

A

FSH promotes development of the follicle in the ovary.
The ovary secretes estrogen and progesterone, occurs in first 7 days of cycle. Promotes buildup of endometrium tissue. As estrogen levels rise, it exerts negative feedback control on anterior pituitary secretion of FSH. Follicular phase comes to an end.

37
Q

Describe the luteal phase.

A

LH promotes corpus luteum development. Corpus luteum is the follicle after releasing secondary oocyte. Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen and maintains endometrium. Lasts about 14 days.

38
Q

What is a luteal phase complication?

A

While corpus luteum is producing estrogen and progesterone, in turn suppresses LH and FSH production. LH and FSH are needed to maintain corpus luteum. With not enough LH and FSH, corpus luteum breaks down and so does endometrium.

39
Q

How do estrogen and progesterone affect the endometrium?

A

Cause the uterus to undergo a cyclical series of events known as the uterine cycle.

40
Q

Describe day 1-5 of the uterine cycle.

A

Low levels of sex hormones cause the endometrium to disintegrate and its blood vessels to rupture. On day 1, blood and tissues pass out of vagina during menstruation.

41
Q

Describe day 6-13 of the uterine cycle.

A

Increased estrogen production by a new ovarian follicle causes the endometrium to thicken and become vascular and glandular. This is called proliferative phase.

42
Q

What happens day 14-28 of the uterine cycle?

A

Ovulation usually occurs.

43
Q

What happens day 15-28 of the uterine cycle?

A

Increased progesterone by corpus luteum causes the endometrium to double or triple in thickness.

44
Q

What happens when uterine glands mature?

A

They produce a thick mucus secretion known as the secretory phase. Then the endometrium is ready to receive developing embryo.

45
Q

What happens in the absence of an embryo?

A

The corpus luteum degenerates and low sex hormone levels result in the endometrium breaking down during menstruation.

46
Q

Describe estrogen.

A

Has effects other than those in the ovarian and uterine cycles. Maintains female secondary sex characteristics. Breast development axillary and pubic hair, subcutaneous fat deposition, and wider pelvis.

47
Q

Describe progesterone.

A

Has effects other than those in the ovarian and uterine cycles. Also needed for breast development.

48
Q

What helps control female hormone levels?

A

Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and ovaries. Regulated by feedback mechanisms.

49
Q

What happens during menstruation?

A

Arteries that supply endometrium constrict, thereby weakening the capillaries. Endometrium detaches in random patches. Tissue, blood, and mucus are lost in the menstrual flow. Lasts 3-10 days.

50
Q

Where does an embryo begin development?

A

In the uterine tube. (Implantation occurs here).

51
Q

When does implantation occur?

A

When the embryo migrates into the uterus.

52
Q

What does the embryo produce?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin.

53
Q

What does human chorionic gonadotropin do? (hCG).

A

Maintains the corpus luteum to prevent a drop in levels and estrogen and progesterone. Pregnancy tests detect hCG.

54
Q

What does the placenta secrete?

A

Estrogen and progesterone which prevent ovulation and help maintain endometrium.

55
Q

What is menopause?

A

A period in a woman’s life during which the ovarian and uterine cycle cease. Occurs around 45-55, ovaries become unresponsive to FSH and LH. Menstrual cycles become irregular, menopause is complete when menstruation has not occurred for one year.

56
Q

What are some birth control methods?

A

Abstinence, vasectomy, tubal ligation, contraceptives, male condom, female condom, contraceptive implants, contraceptive patch, contraceptive ring, and emergency contraception.

57
Q

Describe abstinence.

A

Most reliable method, not engaging in sexual contact. Also prevents STI’s.

58
Q

Describe vasectomy.

A

Cutting and sealing off of vas deferens which prevents sperm from reaching seminal fluid.

59
Q

Describe tubal ligation.

A

Cutting and sealing the uterine tubes.

60
Q

Describe contraceptives.

A

Medication or devices that reduce the chance of pregnancy.

61
Q

Describe male condom.

A

Latex sheath that fits over erect penis.

62
Q

Describe female condom.

A

Large polyurethane tube with a flexible ring that fits onto cervix.

63
Q

Describe contraceptive implants.

A

Use synthetic progesterone to prevent ovulation by disrupting the ovarian cycle.

64
Q

Describe contraceptive patch.

A

Applied to the skin once a week for 3 weeks, then no patch worn during menstrual period.

65
Q

Describe contraceptive ring.

A

A flexible device that contains estrogen and progesterone inserted into the vagina.

66
Q

Describe emergency contraception.

A

Taken after unprotected intercourse has occurred.

67
Q

What is AIDS?

A

Caused by HIV, transmitted in various ways: sexual contact, intravenous drug use, birthing process, and breast feeding. Primary host cells are helper T-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

68
Q

What are the stages of an HIV infection?

A

Upon initial infection with HIV, the virus replicates rapidly in macrophages T-cells. Antibodies against HIV appear several weeks after exposure.

69
Q

What are some obstacles in making an HIV vaccine?

A

Many strains of HIV, HIV mutates rapidly, HIV hides inside cells.

70
Q

What are the two types of herpes?

A

Type 1: cold sores and blisters.

Type 2: genital herpes.

71
Q

Describe HPV.

A

Cause genital warts. No cure.

72
Q

Describe hepatitis B.

A

Highly contagious, can lead to liver failure.

73
Q

Describe chlamydia.

A

Caused by bacterium chlamydia trachomitis.

74
Q

Describe gonorrhea.

A

Caused by bacterium neisseria gonorrhoeae.

75
Q

Describe syphilis.

A

Caused by bacterium.

76
Q

What is congential syphilis?

A

Crosses placenta and causes fetal blindness and malformations.

Biology 093 (27 decks)

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