Chapter 3: 3.2

Question 1

What causes polarity?

Answer 1

Polarity is caused by - some atoms spend more time closer to one of the atoms than others - causing a slightly positive charge and slightly negative charge

Question 2

NOT A FLASHCARD

Answer 2

Some of the stuff I skipped as I included it in the previous flashcards (basic bonding stuff,

You must learn the diagrams of water as specified in the specification

Question 3

How are hydrogen bonds formed?

Answer 3

Polar molecules interact with each other like the positive and negative regions in the molecule interact with each other and form bonds

Question 4

What is the characteristics of a “polar molecule”?

Answer 4

• have regions of negativity and positivity

Question 5

Explain how water molecules become bonded and mention the force between the molecules in water?

Answer 5

This happens when positive regions and negative regions of the molecule attract each other and form bonds known as hydrogen bonding.

{ hydrogen bonds are relatively weak attractions which break and reform between constantly moving water molecules}

Question 6

What are the characteristics/properties of hydrogen bonds in water?

Answer 6

• They have weak interactions and occur in high numbers.

- break and reform between constantly as water molecules move around

Question 7

Why is hydrogen bonding important in water?

Answer 7

Gives water unique characteristics which are essential to life on the planet

Question 8

What are hydroxyl groups?

Answer 8

Are organic molecules that have Hydrogen and Oxygen bond; are slightly polar.

Question 9

Why is water molecule polar?

Answer 9

This happens:

1) One atom of O and two atoms of H - as a result there is a shared negative hydrogen electrons pulled towards oxygen. Leaving it with slight positive charge
2) Unshaped negative on electrons on oxygen give slight negative charge
3) Making water polar as there is a partial negative charge on on side and partial charge on the other

Question 10

Why is water vital to human life? and what functions does it have?

Answer 10

• It is a good reactant in loads of important chemical reactions including hydrolysis reaction
• Water is a good solvent and some substances can dissolve in it so most biological substances can dissolve in it – so most biological reactions can take place in the solution (e.g. cytoplasm)
• Water a good transport medium so can carry all sorts of materials (i.e. glucose and oxygen) around plant and animal
• Water helps with tempreture control as has high latent heat of evapouration and specific heat capacity
• Many organisims can suruvive and reproduce in it due to it being good at temp control and being less dense when freezing

Question 11

Describe what atoms do?

Answer 11

Atoms join together to form molecules making bonds
wtih each other
ionic bond atoms give or share electros