Chapter 12.7 Flashcards
What happens during natural active immunity?
- (When pathogens meet for the first time) Immune system is activated and antibiotics are formed, which results in the destruction of the antigen.
- When pathogens come again - the Immune system then produces a T and B memory cells, were the immune system recognises the antigens and immediately destroys the pathogens before it causes disease symptoms.
What are the 2 types of natural immunity?
Natural activity immunity
Natural passive immunity
How does a baby gain Natural Passive Immunity?
- When the baby is born, antibodies cross the placenta from the mother to her fetus while the baby is in the uterus so it has immunity to disease at birth
- After the baby is born the first batch of milk the mamalium mother make is colostrum which is very high in antibodies. The infant gut allows the glycoproteins to pass into the bloodstream without being digested
- As a result the baby will achieve what is known as Natural Passive Immunity - as the baby will have the same level of antibody protection as their mother
Why do we take boasters (repeat vaccination)?
This is to increase the time you are immune to the disease.
What is an epidemic?
This is when a communicable disease spreads rapidly to a lot of people at a local/national level
What is a pandemic?
When the same disease spread a number of countries and continents
How can epidemics be prevented?
Mass vaccination can be done to prevent the spread of pathogens into the wider population. But the vaccines have to change regularly to remain effective
What is herd immunity?
When significant number of people in the population have been vaccinated this gives protection to those who do not have immunity
How does herd immunity stop epidemics?
It minimises that opportunity for an outbreak to occur
How does artificial active immunity work?
- Pathogen is made safe in one number of way so that antigens are intact but no risk of infection. Vaccines may contain.
- So small amounts of the safe antigen known as vaccine are injected in the blood
- Primary immune response is then triggered by the foreign antigens and your body produces antibodies and memory cells as if you were infected with a live pathogen
- If you then come in contact with live pathogen, the secondary immune response is triggered and the pathogen is destroyed rapidly. (no symptoms)
What do vaccines contain?
- Killed or inactive bacteria and viruses (e.g. whooping cough)
- Attenuated (weakened) strains of live bacteria or viruses (e.g. Rubella)
- Isolated antigens extracted from pathogen (e.g. influenza vaccine)
- Genetically engineered antigens (e.g. Hepatitis B vaccine)
- Toxin molecules that have altered and detoxified (e.g. tetanus)
What are the 2 types of immunity?
Artificial Immunity
Natural Immunity
What are the 2 types of artificial immunity?
Artificial Passive Immunity
Artificial Active Immunity
Give 5 examples of common drugs that come from living organisms?
Penicillin
Docetaxel
Aspirin
Prialt
Vancomycin
Digoxin
Where are these common drugs sourced from:
Penicillin
Docetaxel?
Aspirin?
Prialt?
Vancomycin?
Digoxin?
Penicillin - commercially extracted originally from mould growing on melons
Docetaxel - derived from yew trees
Aspirin - based on compounds from sallow bank
Prialt - derived from venom of a cone snail from the oceans around Australia
Vancomycin - Derived from a soil fungus
Digoxin - based on digitoxin originally extracted from foxgloves
