Chapter 12.1

Question 1

What causes communicable diseases?

Answer 1

Infective organisms (pathogens)

Question 2

What are the type of pathogens?

Answer 2

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungai
Protocista

Question 3

What is a communicable disease?

Answer 3

A disease that can be spread from one organism to another organism (but also one specie to another specie)

Question 4

What are vectors?

Answer 4

Species/organisms that are responsible for carrying pathogens from one organism to another organism

Question 5

How can bacteria be classified by basic shape?

Answer 5

Bacillus 
Chain of bacilli
Coccus
Pair of Coccus 
Cluster of Cocci
Vibrio
Sprillium 
Spirochaete

Question 6

What are the 2 ways we can classify bacteria?

Answer 6

By basic shape

By their cell wall

Question 7

What is a antibiotic?

Answer 7

A compound that kills or inhibit the growth of bacteria

Question 8

How does the cell wall of bacteria affect the dosage and the antibiotic prescribed?

Answer 8

the cell wall of the bacteria - as this affects how bacteria reacts to the antibiotic

Question 9

What is a bacteriophages?

Answer 9

Is a virus that attacks bacteria

Question 10

How does bacteriophages kill bacteria?

Answer 10

• They take over the bacteria cells

- use them to replicate and destroy bacteria at the same time

Question 11

Why are bacteriophages important in science?

Answer 11

• allows scientist to identify and treat some diseases

- they are very important to scientific research

Question 12

What are the structural characteristics of viruses?

Answer 12

• 0.02-0.3 um in diameter
• they are around 50 times smaller in length than the average bacterium
• They have a basic structure (some genetic material surrounded by protein)

Question 13

How do viruses cause illness or disease?

Answer 13

• Viruses invade living cells by their genetic material of the virus takes over the biochemistry of the host cell to make more viruses.
• Viruses then reproduce rapidly and evolve by developing adaptations to their host. Making themselves a successful pathogen
• Causing disease

Question 14

What is protocista?

Answer 14

Are a group of eukaryotic organisims with wide variety of feeding methods

Question 15

What are the two types of protoctista that causes disease?

Answer 15

Parasitic (protists) - they use people or animals as their host organism
Pathogenic (protists) - need a vector to transfer them to their hosts

Question 16

What are the examples of pathogenic (protists)?

Answer 16

Malaria

Sleeping sickness

Question 17

What are the ways that pathogenic (protists) enter the body?

Answer 17

Enter the body directly through polluted water

Question 18

How does bacteria and (some) fungi use toxins to cause disease?

Answer 18

By producing toxins which damage host tissues….

[THIS TOXINS DAMAGE HOST CELLS… BY bacterial toxins breaking down the cell membranes of the host cell

OR by damaging or inactivating the enzymes

OR by interfering with the host genetic material so cells cannot divide]

Question 19

How does Fungi cause disease?

Answer 19

By damaging the host tissues directly

{THIS IS DONE BY fungi digesting living cells and destroying them combined with the response of the body to the damage caused by the fungus… gives the symptoms of disease}

Question 20

How does protocista cause disease?

Answer 20

By damaging the host tissue directly

{THIS IS DONE BY protocista taking over cells and breaking them open as a new generation emerge

They then digest the cell and use the cell contents as they produce