Chapter 3 Flashcards
The protective covering of the body
epidermis
2.A black tumor
melanoma
3.Pertaining to under, or below the skin
subcutaneous
4.Hardening and thickening of the skin
scleroderma
5.Abnormal condition caused by fungi
mycosis
6.Softening of the nail
onychomalacia
7.Disease of the skin
dermopathy
8.Skin that is red
erythroderma
9.Cell that is white
leukocyte
10.An instrument used to incise or cut skin
dermatome
11.Pertaining to below the skin
hypodermic
12.Tumor containing yellow material
xanthoma
13.Condition where nails become white, opaque, thickened and brittle
onychomycosis
14.Inadequate perspiration
anhidrosis
15.Treatment using cold
cryotherapy
adip/o
fat
-cele
hernia, swelling
adip/o/cele (ĂD-ĭ-pō-sēl □):
hernia containing fat or fatty tissue
-cyte
cell
lip/o
?
lip/o/cyte (LĬP-ō-sīt □):
fat cell
steat/o
?
steat/itis (stē-ă-TĪ-tĭs □):
inflammation of fatty tissue
-itis:
inflammation
cutane/o
skin
cutane/ous (kū-TĀ-nē-ŭs □):
pertaining to the skin
-ous:
pertaining to
dermat/o
?
dermat/o/logist (dĕr-mă-TŎL-ō-jĭst □):
physician specializing in treating skin disorders
-logist:
specialist in the study of
derm/o
?
hypo/derm/ic (hī-pō-DĔR-mĭk □):
pertaining to under or inserted under the skin, as in a hypodermic injection
hypo-:
under, below, deficient
-ic:
pertaining to
hidr/o
sweat
hidr/aden/itis (hī-drăd-ĕ-NĪ-tĭs □):
inflammation of a sweat gland
aden:
gland
-itis:
inflammation
Do not confuse hidr/o (sweat) with
hydr/o (water).
sudor/o
?
sudor/esis (sū-dō-RĒ-sĭs □):
condition of profuse sweating
-esis:
condition
Sudoresis is also referred to as
diaphoresis and hyperhidrosis.
ichthy/o
dry, scaly
ichthy/osis (ĭk-thē-Ō-sĭs □):
abnormal condition of dryness and scaling of the skin
-osis:
abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)
A mild form of ichthyosis, called
winter itch, is commonly seen on the legs of older patients, especially during the dry winter months.
kerat/o
horny tissue; hard; cornea
kerat/osis (kĕr-ă-TŌ-sĭs □):
abnormal condition of overgrowth and thickening of the skin
-osis:
abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)
melan/o
black
melan/oma (mĕl-ă-NŌ-mă □):
malignant tumor of melanocytes that commonly begins in a darkly pigmented mole and can metastasize widely
-oma:
tumor
Melanomas are caused by
intense exposure to sunlight and commonly metastasize throughout the body.
myc/o
fungus; (plural, fungi)
dermat/o/myc/osis (dĕr-mă-tō-mī-KŌ-sĭs □):
fungal infection of the skin
dermat/o:
skin
-osis:
abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)
onych/o
nail
onych/o/malacia (ŏn-ĭ-kō-mă-LĀ-shē-ă □):
abnormal softening of the nails
-malacia:
softening
pil/o
hair
pil/o/nid/al (pī-lō-NĪ-dăl □):
pertainining to a growth of hair in a dermoid cyst or in a sinus opening on the skin
nid:
nest
-al:
pertaining to
A pilonidal cyst commonly develops in the
sacral region (fourth segment of the lower spinal column) of the skin. The cystic tumor contains elements derived from the ectoderm, such as hair, skin, sebum, or teeth.
trich/o
?
trich/o/pathy (trĭk-ŎP-ă-thē □):
any disease of the hair
-pathy:
disease
scler/o
hardening; sclera (white of eye)
scler/o/derma (sklĕr-ō-DĔR-mă □):
chronic disease with abnormal hardening of the skin caused by formation of new collagen
-derma:
skin
seb/o
sebum, sebaceous
seb/o/rrhea (sĕb-or-Ē-ă □):
discharge or flow of sebum; also called seborrheic dermatitis
-rrhea:
discharge, flow
Seborrhea is a common skin condition that mainly affects
the scalp. It causes scaly patches, red skin, and stubborn dandruff. It can also affect oily areas of the body, such as the face, upper chest, and back.
squam/o
scale
squam/ous (SKWĀ-mŭs □):
covered with scales or scalelike
-ous:
pertaining to
xer/o
dry
xer/o/derma (zē-rō-DĔR-mă □):
chronic skin condition characterized by excessive roughness and dryness
-derma:
skin
Xeroderma is a mild form of
ichthyosis. What is this define it
-derma
skin
py/o/derma (pī-ō-DĔR-mă □):
any pyogenic infection of the skin
py/o:
pus
-oid
resembling
derm/oid (DĔR-moyd □):
resembling the skin
derm:
skin
-phoresis
carrying, transmission
dia/phoresis (dī-ă-fō-RĒ-sĭs □):
condition of profuse sweating
dia-:
through, across
Diaphoresis is also referred to as
sudoresis and hyperhidrosis.
-plasty
surgical repair
dermat/o/plasty (DĔR-mă-tō-plăs-tē □):
surgical repair of the skin
dermat/o:
skin
-therapy
treatment
cry/o/therapy (krī-ō-THĔR-ă-pē □):
treatment using cold as a destructive medium
cry/o:
cold
Warts and actinic keratosis are some of the common skin disorders treated with
cryotherapy.
hypo/derm/ic
: -ic: pertaining to; under, below, deficient; skin
- melan/oma
: -oma: tumor; black
- kerat/osis
: -osis: abnormal condition, increase (used primarily with blood cells); horny tissue; hard; cornea
- cutane/ous
: -ous: pertaining to; skin
- lip/o/cyte
: -cyte: cell; fat
- onych/o/malacia
: -malacia: softening; nail
- scler/o/derma
: -derma: skin; hardening; sclera (white of the eye)
- dia/phoresis
: -phoresis: carrying, transmission; through, across
- dermat/o/myc/osis
: -osis: abnormal condition, increase (used primarily with blood cells); skin; fungus
- cry/o/therapy
: -therapy: treatment; cold
The epi/derm/is forms the protective covering of
the body and does not have a blood or nerve supply.
the epidermis is dependent on the
dermis’ network of capillaries for nourishment.
As oxygen and nutrients flow out of the capillaries in the dermis, they pass through
tissue fluid, supplying nourishment to the deeper layers of the epidermis.
When you talk about the outer layer of skin, you are referring to the / / .
epi/derm/is
When you talk about the deeper layer of skin, consisting of nerve and blood vessels, you are talking about the / .
derm/is
The epi/derm/is is thick on the
palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, but relatively thin over most other areas.
epi
above or upon
-is
a part of speech (noun)
The combining form (CF) derm/o refers to
the skin.
Derm/o/pathy is a disease of the
skin
Although the epidermis is composed of several layers, which layers are of the greatest importance?
the (3) stratum corneum and the (4) basal layer are of greatest importance.
The stratum corneum is composed of
dead, flat cells. Its thickness is correlated with normal wear of the area it covers.
Only the basal layer is composed of
living cells. It is where new cells are continuously reproduced. Label these two structures in Figure 3-2.
3–6 As new cells form in the
basal layer, they move toward the stratum corneum. Eventually, they die and become filled with a hard protein material called keratin.
The relatively waterproof characteristic of keratin prevents
body fluids from evaporating and moisture from entering the body. These keratinized cells gradually flake away and are replaced in a continuous cycle.
The entire process by which a cell forms in the basal layers, rises to the surface, becomes keratinized, and sloughs off takes about
1 month.
In addition to derm/o, two other CFs for the skin
are cutane/o and dermat/o.
Cutane/ous means pertaining to the .
skin
Dermat/o/logy is the
study of the skin
A physician who specializes in treating skin diseases is called a
dermat/o/logist
Use dermat to build a word meaning inflammation of the skin
dermat/itis
The prefix sub- means
under or below;
the prefix hypo- means
under, below, deficient.
A sub/cutane/ous injection occurs beneath the .
skin
A hypo/derm/ic needle is inserted under the
skin
Sub/cutane/ous literally means pertaining to under the .
skin
When you see the terms derm/a, derm/is, and derm/oid, you will know that the roots refer to the .
skin
As discussed previously, suffixes -al, -ic, -ior, and -ous are
adjective endings that mean pertaining to.
Terms such as derm/al and derm/ic mean
pertaining to the skin
3–14 In the basal layer, specialized cells, called melan/o/cytes, produce
a black pigment called melanin.
Production of melanin increases with
exposure to strong UV light. This exposure creates a suntan that provides a protective barrier from damaging effects of the sun.
The CF melan/o refers to
the color black.
Build a word that literally means black cell
melan/o/cyte
black tumor: / .
melan/oma
Activity of melan/o/cytes is genetically
regulated and inherited. Local accumulations of melanin are seen in pigmented moles and freckles. Environmental and physiological factors also play a role in skin color.
Absence of pigment in the skin, eyes, and hair is most likely caused by
an inherited inability to produce melanin.
This lack of melanin results in the condition called
albin/ism. A person with this condition is called an albino.
Deficiency or absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes caused by an abnormality in production of melanin is known as / .
albin/ism
The number of melan/o/cytes is about the
same in all races.
Differences in skin color are attributed to
production of melanin. In people with dark skin, melan/o/cytes continuously produce large amounts of melanin. In people with light skin, melan/o/cytes produce less .
In people with light skin, melan/o/cytes produce less .
melanin
When defining a medical word, first,
define the suffix. Second, define the beginning of the word; finally, define the middle of the word. Below is an example of a term, which is translated as abnormal condition of a skin fungus. ‘ dermat / o / myc / osis - (2)(3)(1)
The term derm/is is a noun that means pertaining to the skin. Identify the part of speech for
pertaining to the skin
derm/ic: is what part of speech
adjective
derm/al: is what part of speech
adjective
The second layer of skin, the
derm/is,
derm/is contains
contains the (5) hair follicle, (6) sebaceous (oil) gland, and (7) sudoriferous (sweat) gland.
Dermat/itis is an
inflammation of the skin
Derm/o/pathy is a ________; dermat/o/pathy is also a _________
disease of the skin;
aden/oma
benign (not malignant) neo/plasm in which the tumor cells form glands or glandlike structures. The tumor is usually well circumscribed, tending to compress, rather than infiltrate or invade, adjacent tissue.
Build a word that means tumor composed of glandular tissue.
aden/oma
adip/ectomy (ăd-ĭ-PĔK-tō-mē)
excision of fat.
Lip/o and adip/o are CFs that mean
fat.
lip/ectomy
is excision of fat or adipose tissue.
Use adip/o to form another surgical term that means excision of fat.
adip/ectomy
lip/o
fat
adip/o,
fat
steat/o
CF that refers to fat
Adip/oma and lip/oma are terms that mean
fatty tumor. Both are benign tumors consisting of fat cells.
The dermis is attached to underlying structures of the skin by
(8) subcutaneous tissue.
lip/o/cytes (LĬP-ō-sītz)
fat cells
adi/poma
fatty tumor
Sub/cutane/ous (sŭb-kū-TĀ-nē-ŭs) tissue forms lip/o/cytes, also known
as fat cells.
Lip/o/suction (LĪP-ō-sŭk-shŭn) is a form of
plastic surgery in which sub/cutane/ous fat tissue is removed with a blunt-tipped cannula (tube) introduced into the fatty area through a small incision. Suction is then applied, and fat tissue is removed.
under the skin: / /
Sub/cutane/ous (sŭb-kū-TĀ-nē-ŭs)
excision of fat: / / .
lip/o/suction (LĪP-ō-sŭk-shŭn)
Lip/o/suction is performed for
cosmetic reasons. This surgical procedure removes localized areas of fat around the upper arms, breasts, abdomen, hips, legs, or buttocks,
Another type of lip/o/suction, ultra/son/ic-assisted lip/o/suction uses
ultra/son/ic waves to break up the fatty tissue before removal. This is also known as suction-assisted lip/ectomy.
excision or removal of fat: / .
lip/ectomy (lĭ-PĔK-tō-mē)
pertaining to excessive sound: / / .
ultra/son/ic (ŭl-tră-SŎN-ĭk)
List three CFs that refer to the skin.
derm/o, dermat/o, cutane/o
dermat/o/plasty (DĔR-mă-tō-plăs-tē)
surgical repair (of the) skin:
dermat/it is (dĕr-mă-TĪ-tĭs)
inflammation (of the) skin:
More specifically, dermat/o/plasty refers to
any type of plastic surgery procedure of the skin, such as skin grafting, removal of a keloid, or a facelift.
Build a word that means surgical repair of the skin:
dermat/o/plasty (DĔR-mă-tō-plăs-tē)
The noun suffixes -logy and -logist contain the same root, log/o, which means
study of.
The y at the end of a term means
condition or process and denotes a noun ending.
-logy means
study of;
-logist means
specialist in the study of.
The element in the suffix -logist that means specialist is .
ist
The element in the suffix -logy that means condition or process is .
y
dermat/o/logy (dĕr-mă-TŎL-ō-jē)
study of the skin:
dermat/o/logist (dĕr-mă-TŎL-ō-jĭst)
specialist who treats skin disorders:
dermat/oma (dĕr-mă-TŌ-mă)
tumor of the skin: / .
dermat/o/pathy (dĕr-mă-TŎP-ă-thē)
disease of the skin: / / .
dermat/o/logy (dĕr-mă-TŎL-ō-jē)
study of the skin: / / .
Scler/osis is an abnormal condition of .
hardening
Scler/o/derma,
a chronic hardening and thickening of the skin, is caused by new collagen formation. It is characterized by inflammation that ultimately develops into fibrosis (scarring), then sclerosis (hardening) of tissues.
fibrosis
(scarring),
sclerosis
(hardening) of tissues.
Systemic scler/o/derma can be defined as hardening of the .
skin
system/ic scler/osis (sĭs-TĔM-ĭk sklĕ-RŌ-sĭs)
A form of scler/o/derma that causes fibr/osis and scler/osis of multiple body systems
System/ic scler/osis, a form of scler/o/derma, is characterized by
formation of thickened collagenous fibrous tissue, thickening of the skin, and adhesion to underlying tissues. The disease progresses to involve tissues of the heart, lungs, muscles, genit/o/urin/ary tract, and kidneys.
sclera
(white of eye).
In the integumentary system, however, scler/o specifically refers to
hardening
The CF kerat/o means
horny tissue; hard; cornea.
When kerat/o is used in discussions of the skin, it refers to or .
horny tissue, hard
When kerat/o is used in discussions of the eye, it refers to the .
cornea
Kerat/osis, (kĕr-ă-TŌ-sĭs)
skin condition, is characterized by hard, horny tissue. A person with a skin lesion in which there is overgrowth and thickening of the epidermis most likely would be diagnosed with / .
kerat/oma is a horny________ , also called kerat/osis.
tumor
sebaceous (sē-BĀ-shŭs)
Oil-secreting glands of the skin
sudoriferous (sū-dŏr-ĬF-ĕr-ŭs)
Sweat glands
Accessory organs of the skin include
the sebaceous (oil) glands, sudoriferous (sweat) glands, hair, and nails.
comedos (KŎM-ē-dōs)
blackheads: .
pustules (PŬS-tūlz)
whiteheads: .
Sebaceous glands are found in
all areas of the body that have hair. The oily material, called sebum, is secreted by the sebaceous gland. It keeps hair and the skin soft and pliable and inhibits growth of bacteria on the skin. Increased activity of sebaceous glands at puberty may block the hair follicle and form blackheads (comedos). As bacteria feed on the sebum, they release irritating substances that produce inflammation. Large numbers of bacteria produce infection, forming whiteheads (pustules).
Comedos and pustules are the result of
hypersecretion of sebum by the aebaceous (oil) glands.
sudoriferous (sū-dŏr-ĬF-ĕr-ŭs)
Sweat, or perspiration, is produced by these glands.
Sweat glands that are not associated with hair follicles
open to the surface of the skin through pores. These glands are stimulated by temperature increases or emotional stress and produce perspiration that evaporates on the surface of the skin and provides a cooling effect.
hidr/osis (hī-DRŌ-sĭs)
abnormal condition of sweat: / .
The CF for sweat is
hidr/o.
dia/phoresis
denotes a condition of profuse or excessive sweating.
hidr/aden/itis (hī-drăd-ĕ-NĪ-tĭs □):
inflammation of sweat gland
hidr: .
sweat
aden: .
gland
-itis: .
inflammation
hyper/hidr/osis
also denotes a condition of profuse or excessive sweating,
hyper-: ,
excessive, above normal
hidr:
sweat
-osis:
abnormal condition
Hidr/o refers to .
sweat
Hydr/o refers to .
water
an/hidr/osis (ăn-hī-DRŌ-sĭs)
abnormal condition characterized by inadequate perspiration.
myc/osis (mī-KŌ-sĭs)
abnormal condition caused by fungi.
CF myc/o refers to
a fungus (plural, fungi).
Dermat/o/myc/osis,
a fungal infection of the skin, is caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, and other fungi. When you see this term in a medical report, you will know it refers to a fungal infection of the skin .
Myc/o/dermat/itis,
an inflammation of the skin, is caused by a a fungus (fungi)
derm/o/pathy (dĕr-MŎP-ă-thē)
disease of the skin.
trich/o/pathy (trĭk-ŎP-ă-thē)
disease of the hair:
trich/osis (trĭ-KŌ-sĭs)
abnormal condition of the hair:
CF trich/o
refers to the hair
trich/o/myc/osis (trĭk-ō-mī-KŌ-sĭs)
abnormal condition of the hair caused by a fungus.
pil/o.
Another CF for hair
-oid
resembling
Pil/o/cyst/ic refers to a
derm/oid cyst containing hair.
Each nail is formed in
the (1) nail root and is composed of keratin
keratin,
a hard fibrous protein, which is also the main component of hair.
As the nail grows from a
(2) matrix of active cells beneath the (3) cuticle, it stays attached and slides forward over the epithelial layer, called the (4) nail bed.
matrix
active cells beneath the cuticle
nail bed
epithelial layer
Most of the (5) nail body appears pink because
of the underlying blood vessels.
lunula
is the crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail. It has a whitish appearance because the vascular tissue underneath does not show through.
Here is a review of the three basic rules of word building:
• Rule 1: The word root links a suffix that begins with a vowel.; • Rule 2: The combining form (root + o) links a suffix that begins with a consonant.; • Rule 3: The Combining form (root + o) links a root to another root to form a compound word. (This rule holds true even if the next root begins with a vowel.)
CF onych/o refers to
the nail(s).
onych/oma (ŏn-ĭ-KŌ-mă)
tumor of the nail (or nail bed): / .
onych/o/pathy (ŏn-ĭ-KŎP-ăth-ē)
disease of the nail: / / .
malacia
abnormal softening of tissue. This term is also used in words as a suffix.
onych/o/malacia (ŏn-ĭ-kō-mă-LĀ-shē-ă)
softening of the nail(s).
onych/o
nail
myc
fungus
-osis
abnormal condition
onych/o/myc/osis.
Nails become white, opaque, thickened, and brittle (an infection of the nails caused by fungus)
xer/o
CF that means dry
-derma
denotes skin.
xer/o/derma
A person with excessive dryness of the skin has a condition called xer/o/derma.
-cele
hernia, swelling
lip/o/cele (LĬP-ō-sēl)
A hernia containing fat or fatty tissue
adip/o/cele or / / .
A hernia containing fat or fatty tissue
- disease
‘-pathy
- dry
xer/o
- fat
lip/o, adip/o, steat/o
- discharge, flow
‘-rrhea
- hair
trich/o, pil/o
- hardening; sclera (white of the eye)
scler/o
- hernia, swelling
‘-cele
- nail
onych/o
- skin
derm/o, dermat/o, cutane/o, -derma
- softening
‘-malacia
- specialist in the study of
‘-logist
- above, upon
epi-
- abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)
‘-osis
- sweat
hidr/o
- under, below; deficient
hypo-
albin/o:
white
albin/ism (ĂL-bĭn-ĭzm)
white condition
cyan/o:
blue
cyan/o/derma (sī-ă-nō-DĔR-mă)
blue skin
erythr/o:
red
erythr/o/derma (ĕ-rĭth-rō-DĔR-mă)
red skin
leuk/o:
white
leuk/o/derma (loo-kō-DĔR-mă)
white skin
melan/o:
black
melan/o/derma (mĕl-ăn-ō-DĔR-mă)
black skin
xanth/o:
yellow
xanth/oma (zăn-THŌ-mă)
yellow tumor
The -a ending in cyan/o/derma, erythr/o/derma, leuk/o/derma, and melan/o/derma designates that these words are
(adjectives, nouns)
erythr/o/derma (ĕ-rĭth-rō-DĔR-mă)
skin that is red: / /
melan/o/derma (mĕl-ăn-ō-DĔR-mă)
skin that is black: / /
xanth/o/derma (zăn-thō-DĔR-mă)
skin that is yellow: / /
xer/o/derma (zē-rō-DĔR-mă)
skin that is dry: / /
cell is the smallest
basic unit of the human organism
every tissue and organ in the human body is made up of
cells.
Cyt/o/logy is the study of .
cells
cyt/o and -cyte are used to build words that refer to a .
cell
erythr/o/cyte (ĕ-RĬTH-rō-sīt)
cell that is red: / / .
leuk/o/cyte (LOO-kō-sīt)
cell that is white: / / .
melan/o/cyte (mĕl-ĂN-ō-sīt)
cell that is black: / / .
xanth/o/cyte (ZĂN-thō-sīt)
cell that is yellow: / / .
The term leuk/o/cyt/o/penia is formed from the
-penia, leuk/o, cyt/o
-penia
decrease or deficiency: .
CF that means white: / .
leuk/o
CF that means cell: / .
cyt/o
leuk/o/cyt/o/penia (loo-kō-sī-tō-PĒ-nē-ă)
abnormal decrease in white blood cells (WBCs), may be caused by an adverse drug reaction, radiation poisoning, or a path/o/logic/al condition.
A deficiency in WBC production may be a sign of a path/o/logic/al condition known as
leuk/o/penia or
The abbreviation for white blood cell is .
WBC
-emia
is used in words to mean blood condition.
Xanth/emia,
an occurrence of yellow pigment in the blood, literally means yellow .
xanth/omas (zăn-THŌ-măz)
yellow tumors - can be caused by high cholesterol
Leuk/emia (loo-KĒ-mē-ă) is a
disease of unrestrained growth of immature WBCs; progressive malignant disease of the blood-forming organs. It is characterized by proliferation and development of immature leuk/o/cytes in blood and bone marrow.
Leuk/emia literally means
white blood
Leuk/o/cytes are
white blood cells.
melan/o/cyte (mĕl-ĂN-ō-sīt)
black cell: / / .
melan/oma (mĕl-ă-NŌ-mă)
black tumor: / .
melan/oma (mĕl-ă-NŌ-mă) is a disease that
malignant neo/plasm (new growth) that originates in the skin and is composed of melan/o/cytes. The malignancy is attributed to a genetic predisposition and to exposure to ultraviolet light.
The lesion of melan/oma is characterized by its
asymmetry, irregular border, and lack of uniform color.
Malignant melan/oma is the most
dangerous form of skin cancer because of its tendency to metastasize rapidly. Melanomas often metastasize to the lung(s), liver, bone, and brain.
cyan/o/derma (sī-ă-nō-DĔR-mă) or cyan/osis
dark bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin
Cyan/osis, also called cyan/o/derma, is caused by a
deficiency of oxygen and an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood.
cyan/osis (sī-ă-NŌ-sĭs)
abnormal condition of blue (skin): / .
erythr/osis (ĕr-ĭ-THRŌ-sĭs)
abnormal condition of red (skin): / .
melan/osis (mĕl-ăn-Ō-sĭs)
abnormal condition of black (pigmentation): / .
xanth/osis (zăn-THŌ-sĭs)
abnormal condition of yellow (skin): / .
leuk/o/cyt/osis (loo-kō-sī-TŌ-sĭs)
increase in WBCs:
-osis is used in words to mean
abnormal condition. However, when -osis is used in a word related to blood, it means increase. The complete meaning of -osis is abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells).
erythr/o/cyt/osis is an
increase in red blood cells
melan/oma (mĕl-ă-NŌ-mă)
Sun exposure, especially excessive tanning of the skin, can cause the lethal black tumor called / .
The most common skin cancers are
basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
carcin/oma (kăr-sĭ-NŌ-mă)
A type of skin cancer that affects the deepest layer of the epidermis is called basal cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcin/oma (BCC) is a skin cancer of the
basal cell layer (deepest layer) of the epidermis. Metastasis is rare, but local invasion destroys underlying and adjacent tissue. This condition occurs most commonly on areas of the skin exposed to the sun.
in situ
squamous cell carcinoma confined to the original site
There are two types of squamous cell carcinoma; those that are
confined to the original site (in situ) and those that penetrate the surrounding tissue (invasive). Treatment includes surgical excision, cryotherapy, radiotherapy, or electrodesiccation and curettage.
A carcin/oma that affects the top layer of the epidermis is called
squamous cell carcinoma
When a squamous cell carcinoma is confined to the original site, it is known as
squamous cell carcinoma in situ
CF sarc/o means
flesh (connective tissue).
Kaposi sarc/oma (KĂP-ō-sē săr-KŌ-mă),
a malignant skin tumor commonly associated with patients who are diagnosed with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), is usually fatal. Initially, the tumor appears as a purplish brown lesion.
The abbreviation for acquired immune deficiency syndrome is .
AIDS
The type of skin cancer associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is / .
Kaposi sarc/oma
CF necr/o is used in words to denote
death or necr/osis.
Necr/o/tic
pertaining to necr/osis or death
Necr/osis (nĕ-KRŌ-sĭs) is used to denote
the death of areas of tissue or bone surrounded by healthy tissue.
Cellular necr/osis means that the
cells are dead
Bony necr/osis occurs when
dead bone tissue results from the loss of blood supply (e.g., after a fracture). The term that means abnormal condition of death is / .
Necr/osis (nĕ-KRŌ-sĭs)
abnormal condition of death
gangrene (GĂNG-grēn)
Gangrene is a form of necr/osis associated with loss of blood supply. Before healing can take place, the dead matter must be removed.
When there is an injury to blood flow, a form of necr/osis may develop that is known as .
gangrene (GĂNG-grēn)
auto/graph is a
signature written by oneself.
In medical words, auto- is used as a prefix and means
self, own.
Auto/hypnosis is hypnosis of one’s .
self
Auto/examination is an examination of one’s .
self
An auto/graft is skin transplanted from one’s .
self
auto/grafts (AW-tō-grăfts)
A graft is tissue transplanted or implanted in a part of the body to repair a defect. Grafts done with tissue transplanted from the patient’s own skin
_______________ black
Correct Answer : melan/o
- ________________ blue
Correct Answer : cyan/o
- ________________ blood condition
Correct Answer : -emia
- ________________ cell
Correct Answer : cyt/o, -cyte
- ________________ decrease, deficiency
Correct Answer : -penia
- ________________ disease
Correct Answer : -pathy
- ________________ discharge, flow
Correct Answer : -rrhea
- ________________ red
Correct Answer : erythr/o
- ________________ self, own
Correct Answer : auto-
- ________________ skin
Correct Answer : -derma
- ________________ tumor
Correct Answer : -oma
- ________________ white
Correct Answer : leuk/o
- ________________ yellow
Correct Answer : xanth/o
- ________________ death, necrosis
Correct Answer : necr/o
- ________________ abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)
Correct Answer : -osis
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Dx
diagnosis
BCC
basal cell carcinoma
FH
family history
Bx, bx
biopsy
I&D
incision and drainage; irrigation and debridement
Derm
dermatology
PE
physical examination; pulmonary embolism; pressure-equalizing tube
abrasion (ă-BRĀ-zhŭn)
Scraping, or rubbing away of a surface, such as skin, by friction; Abrasion may be the result of trauma, such as a skinned knee; therapy, as in dermabrasion of the skin to remove scar tissue; or normal function, such as wearing down of a tooth by mastication.
abscess (ĂB-sĕs)
Localized collection of pus at the site of an infection (characteristically, a staphylococcal infection)
furuncle (FŪ-rŭng-kl)
Abscess that originates in a hair follicle; also called boil
carbuncle (KĂR-bŭng-kl)
Cluster of furuncles in the subcutaneous tissue; Large furuncles with connecting channels to the skin surface form a carbuncle.
acne (ĂK-nē)
Inflammatory disease of sebaceous follicles of the skin, marked by comedos (blackheads), papules, and pustules; Acne is especially common in puberty and adolescence. It usually affects the face, chest, back, and shoulders.
alopecia (ăl-ō-PĒ-shē-ă)
Absence or loss of hair, especially of the head; also known as baldness
cyst (SĬST)
Closed sac or pouch in or under the skin with a definite wall that contains fluid, semifluid, or solid material; The cyst may enlarge as sebum collects and may become infected.
sebaceous (sē-BĀ-shŭs) cyst
A cyst filled with sebum (fatty material) from a sebaceous gland
eczema (ĔK-zĕ-mă)
Redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries; Eczematous rash may result from various causes, including allergies, irritating chemicals, drugs, scratching or rubbing of the skin, or sun exposure. It may be acute or chronic
hemorrhage (HĔM-ĕ-rĭj)
Loss of a large amount of blood in a short period, externally or internally; Hemorrhage may be arterial, venous, or capillary.
hem/o:
blood
-rrhage:
bursting forth (of)
contusion (kŏn-TOO-zhŭn)
Hemorrhage of any size under the skin in which the skin is not broken; also known as a bruise
ecchymosis (ĕk-ĭ-MŌ-sĭs)
Skin discoloration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors changing from blue-black to greenish brown or yellow; commonly called a bruise (See Figure 3-11.)
petechia (pē-TĒ-kē-ă)
Minute, pinpoint hemorrhagic spot on the skin
hematoma (hēm-ă-TŌ-mă)
Elevated, localized collection of blood trapped under the skin that usually results from trauma
hemat:
blood
-oma:
tumor
hirsutism (HŬR-sūt-ĭzm)
Condition characterized by excessive growth of hair or presence of hair in unusual places, especially in women; Hirsutism may be caused by hypersecretion of testosterone, or it may be caused by an adrenal neoplasm.
impetigo (ĭm-pĕ-TĪ-gō)
Bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture
psoriasis (sō-RĪ-ă-sĭs)
Autoimmune disease characterized by itchy red patches covered with silvery scales; Psoriasis seems to be genetically determined and is typically a lifelong condition. Various treatments help control symptoms, including topical treatments (lubricants, retinoids, corticosteroids, and saltwater immersions) and systemic treatments (UV light therapy and excimer light therapy).
scabies (SKĀ-bēz)
Contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite
skin lesion (LĒ-zhŭn)
Area of pathologically altered tissue caused by disease, injury, or a wound caused by external factors or internal disease; Evaluation of skin lesions, injuries, or changes to tissue helps establish the diagnosis of skin disorders. Lesions are described as primary or secondary.
primary lesion
Skin lesion caused directly by a disease process; A primary lesion is the initial reaction to pathologically altered tissue and may be flat or elevated.
secondary lesion
Skin lesion that evolves from a primary lesion or that is caused by external forces, such as infection, scratching, trauma, or the healing process
tinea (TĬN-ē-ă)
Fungal infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affected; also called ringworm; Examples of tinea include tinea barbae (beard), tinea corporis (body), tinea pedis (athlete’s foot), tinea versicolor (skin), and tinea cruris (jock itch).
ulcer (ŬL-sĕr)
Lesion of the skin or mucous membranes marked by inflammation, necrosis, and sloughing of damaged tissues; Ulcers may be the result of trauma, caustic chemicals, intense heat or cold, arterial or venous stasis, cancers, drugs, and infectious agents.; Skin ulceration caused by prolonged pressure, usually in a person who is bedridden; also known as decubitus ulcer or bedsore
pressure ulcer
Pressure ulcers are most commonly found in skin overlying a bony projection, such as the hip, ankle, heel, shoulder, and elbow.
urticaria (ŭr-tĭ-KĀ-rē-ă)
Allergic reaction of the skin characterized by eruption of pale red elevated patches that are intensely itchy; also called wheals or hives
verruca (vĕ-ROO-kă)
Rounded epidermal growths caused by a virus; also called wart; Types of warts include plantar warts, juvenile warts, and venereal warts. Warts may be removed by cryosurgery, electrocautery, or acids; however, they may regrow if the virus remains in the skin.
vitiligo (vĭt-ĭl-Ĭ-gŏ)
Localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches; also called leukoderma (See Figure 3-16.)
biopsy (Bx, bx) (BĪ-ŏp-sē)
Removal of a small piece of living tissue from an organ or other part of the body for microscopic examination to confirm or establish a diagnosis, estimate prognosis, or follow the course of a disease; Types of biopsy include aspiration biopsy, needle biopsy, punch biopsy, shave biopsy, and frozen-section biopsy.
skin test
Method for determining induced sensitivity (allergy) by applying or inoculating a suspected allergen or sensitizer into the skin and determining sensitivity (allergy) to the specific antigen by an inflammatory skin reaction to it; The most commonly used skin tests are the intradermal, patch, and scratch tests.
cryosurgery (krī-ō-SĔR-jĕr-ē)
Use of subfreezing temperature, commonly with liquid nitrogen, to destroy abnormal tissue cells, such as unwanted, cancerous, or infected tissue
débridement (dā-brēd-MŎN or dĭ-BRĒD-mĕnt)
Treatment that involves removal of foreign material and dead or damaged tissue, especially in a wound, and is used to promote healing and prevent infection
excimer laser (ĔK-sŭh-mĕr)
Aims a high-intensity ultraviolet B (UVB) light dose of a very specific wavelength, and a handheld wand allows the energy to be delivered precisely to the affected areas without harming healthy skin around them; also called exciplex laser; Because the laser light never touches the surrounding skin, it reduces the risk of UV radiation exposure. Excimer lasers help treat mild to moderate psoriasis and require fewer and less vigorous treatments than other light therapies.
fulguration (fŭl-gū-RĀ-shŭn)
Tissue destruction by means of a high-frequency electric current; also called electrodesiccation; Fulguration helps remove tumors and lesions within and on the body.
incision and drainage (I&D)
Surgical procedure to release pus or pressure built up under the skin, such as in an abscess, and remove its contents
Mohs surgery (MŌZ)
Procedure in which layers of cancer-containing skin are progressively excised and examined until only cancer-free tissue remains; also called micrographic surgery.
skin graft
Surgical procedure to transplant healthy tissue to an injured site; Human, animal, or artificial skin provides a temporary covering or permanent layer of skin over a wound or burn.
allograft (ĂL-ō-grăft)
Transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person; also called homograft; In an allograft, the skin donor is usually a cadaver. This type of skin graft is temporary and used to protect the patient against infection and fluid loss. The allograft is frozen and stored in a skin bank until needed.
allo-:
other, differing from the normal
-graft
: transplantation
autograft (AW-tō-grăft)
Transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual
auto-:
self, own
synthetic (sĭn-THĔT-ĭk)
Transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen fibers arranged in a lattice pattern; With a synthetic skin graft, the recipient’s body does not reject the synthetic skin (produced artificially), and healing skin grows into it as the graft gradually disintegrates.
xenograft (ZĔN-ō-grăft)
Transplantation (dermis only) from a foreign donor (usually a pig) and transferred to a human; also called heterograft; A xenograft is used as a temporary graft to protect the patient against infection and fluid loss.
xen/o:
foreign, strange
skin resurfacing
Repair of damaged skin, acne scars, fine or deep wrinkles, or tattoos or improvement of skin tone irregularities by using topical chemicals, abrasion, or laser; In cosmetic surgery, skin resurfacing may involve dermabrasion, chemical peels, cutaneous lasers, and other techniques.
chemical peel
Use of chemicals to remove outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring and general keratoses, as well as cosmetic purposes to remove fine wrinkles on the face; also called chemabrasion
cutaneous laser (kū-TĀ-nē-ŭs)
Any of several laser treatments employed for cosmetic and plastic surgery; Cutaneous laser includes treatment of pigmented lesions, wrinkles, vascular malformations, and other cosmetic skin surface irregularities.
cutane:
skin
-ous:
pertaining to
dermabrasion (DĔRM-ă-brā-zhŭn)
Removal of acne scars, nevi, tattoos, or fine wrinkles on the skin through the use of sandpaper, wire brushes, or other abrasive materials on the epidermal layer
antibiotics (ăn-tĭ-bī-ŎT-ĭks)
Kill bacteria that cause skin infections
antifungals (ăn-tĭ-FŬNG-găls)
Kill fungi that infect the skin
antipruritics (ăn-tĭ-proo-RĬT-ĭks)
Reduce severe itching
corticosteroids (kor-tĭ-kō-STĒR-oyds)
Treat skin inflammation through anti-inflammatory action
adip/oma
Correct Answer : tumor containing fat
- anhidrosis (an/hidr/osis)
Correct Answer : abnormal condition of being without sweat
- dermatoplasty (dermat/o/plasty)
Correct Answer : surgical repair of skin
- subcutaneous (sub/cutane/ous)
Correct Answer : pertaining to “under the skin”
- onychomalacia (onych/o/malacia)
Correct Answer : softening of a nail
- lipectomy (lip/ectomy)
Correct Answer : excision of fat
- ______________ cell composed of fat
lipocyte
- ______________ black tumor
melanoma
- ______________ any disease of hair
trichopathy
- ______________ covered with scales; scalelike
squamous
- ______________ dry skin
xeroderma
- ______________ black cell
melanocyte
- ______________ profuse sweating
diaphoresis
- ______________ hernia containing fatty tissue
lipocele
- ______________ cancerous tumor
carcinoma
- ______________ deficiency in white blood cell production
leukocytopenia
- ________________ is a rounded epidermal growth caused by a virus.
verruca
- ________________ is localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by the appearance of milk-white patches.
vitiligo
- ________________ is a fungal skin disease, commonly called ringworm, whose name indicates the body part affected.
tinea
- ________________ is an abscess that originates in a hair follicle and is also called a boil.
furuncle
- ________________ is a general term for an itchy red rash that may become crusted, thickened, or scaly.
eczema
- ________________ is an allergic reaction of the skin characterized by eruption of pale red elevated patches that are intensely itchy and is also called hives.
urticaria
- ________________ refers to excision of a small piece of living tissue from an organ or other part of the body for microscopic examination.
corticosteroids
- ________________ refers to use of revolving wire brushes or sandpaper to remove superficial scars on the skin.
dermabrasion
- ________________ refers to the procedure in which diseased tissue is destroyed by a high-frequency electric current.
fulguration
- ________________ refers to the use of liquid nitrogen to destroy or eliminate abnormal tissue cells.
cryosurgery
- ________________ refers to removal of foreign material and dead or damaged tissue, especially in a wound.
débridement
- ________________ is a contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite.
scabies
- ________________ is the absence or loss of hair, especially of the head, and is also called baldness.
alopecia
- ________________ is a blackhead.
comedo
- ________________ is a minute, hemorrhagic spot on the skin that is a smaller version of ecchymosis.
petechia
Which are the pirmary lesionsn Exs:
flat lesions; macules - freckles, flat mole or rash in rubella
macule
primary lesion - flat pigmented, circumscribed area less than 1 cm in diameter
which are the elevated lesions, what are two types; Ex’s
solid and fluid filled; papule; nodule, tumor, wheal - solid lesions; vesicle, pustule, bulla - fluid filled lesions
papule; Ex’s
solide elevated lesion less than 1 cm in diameter, may be same color a skin or hair; nevus, wart, pimple, ringworm, psoriasis, eczema
Nodule, Ex’s
palpable, cirumscribed lesion, larger and deeper than papule, extends into dermal skin; intradermal nevus, benign or malignant tumor
Tumor, Exs
solid, elevated lesion larger than 2 cm and extends into dermal and subcutaneous layers; lipoma, steatoma
Wheal, Ex’s
elevated, firm, round with localized swelling, varies in size/shape/color; paler in center than at edges, accompanied by itching; hives, insect bites, urticaria
Vesicle, Ex’s
elevated, circumscribed, less than 0.5 cm; poison ivy, shingles, chickenpox
Pustule, Ex
small, raised, circumscribed, contains puss, less than 1cm; acne, furuncle, pustular psoriasis, scabies
Bulla, Ex’s
vesicle or blister larger than 1 cm; second degree burns, severe poison oak, poison ivy
which are the secondary lesions
excoriations, fissure, ulcer
excoriations
linear stretch marks or traumatized abrasions of epidermis; sratches, abrasions, chemical or thermal burns
fissure
small slit of cracklike sore that extends into dermal layer; could be caused by continous inflammation and drying
ulcer (ŬL-sĕr)
open sore or lesion that extends into dermis; usually heals with scarring; pressure sores, basal cell carcinoma
adip/o, lip/o, steat/o
fat
cutane/o, derm/o, dermat/o
skin
cyt/o
cell
cyan/o
blue
erythr/o, erythemat/o
red
hidr/o, sudor/o
sweat
hydr/o
water
ichthy/o
dry, scaly
kerat/o
horny tissue; hard; cornea
leuk/o
white
melan/o
black
myc/o
fungus
necr/o
death, necrosis
