Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
The levels of organization from the least to the most complex are the:
A
cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism
2
Q
• cellular level,
A
the smallest structural and functional unit of the body.
3
Q
• tissue level,
A
groups of cells that perform a specialized function.
4
Q
• organ level,
A
groups of tissues that perform a specific function.
5
Q
• system level,
A
groups of organs that are interconnected or that have similar or interrelated functions.
6
Q
• organism level,
A
collection of body systems that makes up the most complex level—a living human being.
7
Q
chondr/o
A
cartilage
8
Q
-oma
A
tumor
9
Q
chondr/oma (kŏn-DRŌ-mă □):
A
tumor composed of cartilage
10
Q
cyt/o
A
cell
11
Q
-meter
A
instrument for measuring
12
Q
cyt/o/meter (sī-TŎM-ĕ-ter □):
A
instrument for counting and measuring cells
13
Q
hist/o
A
tissue
14
Q
-lysis
A
separation, destruction, loosening
15
Q
hist/o/lysis (hĭs-TŎL-ĭ-sĭs □):
A
separation, destruction, or loosening of tissue
16
Q
nucle/o
A
nucleus
17
Q
ar
A
pertaining to
18
Q
nucle/ar (NŪ-klē-ăr □):
A
pertaining to the nucleus
19
Q
anter/o
A
anterior, front
20
Q
ior
A
pertaining to
21
Q
anter/ior (ăn-TĒ-rē-ōr □):
A
pertaining to the front (of the body, organ, or structure)
22
Q
caud/o
A
tail
23
Q
-ad
A
toward
24
Q
caud/ad (KAW-dăd □):
A
toward the tail
25
dist/o
far, farthest
26
-al
pertaining to
27
dist/al (DĬS-tăl □):
pertaining to the farthest (point of attachment)
28
dors/o
back (of body)
29
dors/al (DŌR-săl □):
pertaining to the back (of the body)
30
infer/o
lower, below
31
infer/ior (ĭn-FĒ-rē-or □):
pertaining to below or lower (structure or surface)
32
later/o
side, to one side
33
later/al (LĂT-ĕr-ăl □):
pertaining to the side
34
medi/o
middle
35
medi/al (MĒ-dē-ăl □):
pertaining to the middle
36
poster/o
back (of body), behind, posterior
37
poster/ior (pŏs-TĒ-rē-or □):
pertaining to the back (of the body, organ, or structure)
38
proxim/o
near, nearest
39
proxim/al (PRŎK-sĭm-ăl □):
pertaining to the nearest (point of attachment)
40
super/o
upper, above
41
super/ior (soo-PĒ-rē-or □):
pertaining to above or upper (part of the body, organ, or structure)
42
ventr/o
belly, belly side
43
ventr/al (VĔN-trăl □):
pertaining to the belly side (front of the body)
44
medi/o-:
middle
45
-ad
toward
46
medi/ad (MĒ-dē-ăd □):
toward the middle or center
47
hist/o:
tissue
48
-logist
specialist in the study of
49
hist/o/logist (hĭs-TŎL-ō-jĭst □):
specialist in the study of tissue
50
cyt/o:
cell
51
-logy
study of
52
cyt/o/logy (sī-TŎL-ō-jē □):
study of cells
53
-lysis
separation; destruction; loosening
54
cyt/o/lysis (sī-TŎL-ĭ-sĭs □):
destruction, dissolution, or separation of a cell
55
Cells are the smallest
living units of structure and function in the human body.
56
Every tissue and organ in the body is composed of
cells.
57
The nucleus is the
control center of the cell and is responsible for reproduction. This spherical unit contains genetic codes for maintaining life systems of the organism and for issuing commands for growth and reproduction.
58
The combining form (CF) for nucleus is / .
nucle/o
59
Any chemical substance, such as a drug, that interferes with or destroys the cellular reproductive process in the nucleus is referred to as a
nucle/o/toxic substance. Examples of nucle/o/toxic drugs are those administered to patients with cancer during chemotherapy.
60
pertaining to poison:
-toxic
61
Recall that cyt/o and -cyte are used to form words that refer to a .
cell
62
A cyt/o/logist is usually a biologist who specializes in
the study of cells, especially one who uses cyt/o/log/ic techniques to diagnose neoplasms.
63
Using cyt/o, build a word that means study of cells: / / .
cyt/o/logy
64
Use cyt/o to form words that mean specialist in the study of cells
cyt/o/logist
65
Use cyt/o to form words that mean dissolution or destruction of a cell
cyt/o/lysis
66
At the tissue level, the structural organization of the human body consists of
groups of cells working together to carry out a specialized activity.
67
The medical scientist who specializes in the study of microscopic structures of tissues is called a
hist/o/logist.
68
The suffixes -ac, -al, -ar, -iac, -ic, and -ior are adjective endings that mean
pertaining to.These suffixes help describe position, direction, body divisions, and body structures.
69
Use the adjective ending -al to form words that mean pertaining to the back (of body):
dors/al
70
Use the adjective ending -al to form words that mean pertaining to side, to one side: later / .
later/al
71
Use the adjective ending -al to form words that mean pertaining to belly, belly side: ventr / .
ventr/al
72
list the 10 adjective suffixes that mean 'pertaining to'
??
73
Four additional adjective suffixes meaning pertaining to
-ary, -eal, -ous, and -tic.
74
To guarantee consistency in descriptions of location, the anatomic/al position is a reference point to describe
the location or direction of a body structure.
75
In anatomic/al position, the body is
erect and the eyes are looking forward. The arms hang to the sides, with palms facing forward; the legs are parallel with the toes pointing straight ahead.
76
2–12 When a person is standing upright, facing forward, arms at his or her sides, palms facing forward, legs parallel, and feet slightly apart with the toes pointing forward, he or she is in the standard position called the / position.
anatomic/al; ăn-ă-TŎM-ĭk-ăl
77
front of the body: / and / .
anter/ior and ventr/al
78
back of the body: / and / .
poster/ior and dors/al
79
What position of the body do the terms anter/ior and ventr/al refer to?
front of the body
80
What position of the body do the terms poster/ior and dors/al refer to?
back of the body
81
The term poster/o/anter/ior (PA) refers to
the back and front of the body.
82
pertaining to back: .
pŏs-TĒ-rē-or
83
pertaining to front
ăn-TĒ-rē-or or
84
2–16 Directional terms are commonly used in radi/o/logy to describe
the direction of the x-ray beam from its source and then its point of exit.
85
A PA projection indicates that the path of the beam enters the body (See Figure 2-3.)
on the posterior side and exits anteriorly.
86
An anter/o/poster/ior (AP) projection indicates that
the path of the beam enters the body on the side and exits on the side.
87
The chest x-ray (CXR) helps diagnose conditions affecting the chest, its contents, and nearby structures. It can be taken in either the AP or the PA position. The abbreviation that means anter/o/poster/ior is
AP
88
The chest x-ray (CXR) helps diagnose conditions affecting the chest, its contents, and nearby structures. It can be taken in either the AP or the PA position. The abbreviation that means poster/o/anterior is .
PA
89
The stomach is located on the / side of the body.
anter/ior
90
The shoulder blades are located on the / side of the body.
poster/ior
91
Combine infer/o (lower, below) + -ior (pertaining to) to form a directional term that literally means pertaining to lower or below.
infer/ior
92
In medical terms, the prefix super- designates
an upper position. When you say “the head is superior to the stomach,” you mean it is located above the stomach.
93
When you say “the eyes are superior to the mouth,” you mean they are located the mouth.
above
94
The word element later/o means
side, to one side.
95
A radiographic projection that enters through the left or right side of the body is referred to as
a later/al projection.
96
The term later/al position refers to the (of the body).
side
97
Review the three basic rules for building medical words:
• Rule 1: The word root links a suffix that begins with a vowel.• Rule 2: The combining form (root + o) links a suffix that begins with a consonant.• Rule 3: The combining form (root + o) links a root to another root to form a compound word. (This rule holds true even if the next root begins with a vowel.)
98
radi/o/logy that specify the direction of the x-ray beam from its source to its exit surface before striking the film pertaining to the side or to one side (of the body): /.
LĂT-ĕr-ăl
99
radi/o/logy that specify the direction of the x-ray beam from its source to its exit surface before striking the film pertaining to the anterior, or front, and the side (of the body):
anter/o/later/al
100
radi/o/logy that specify the direction of the x-ray beam from its source to its exit surface before striking the film pertaining to the posterior, or back, and the side (of the body):
poster/o/later/al
101
The term medi/al describes
the midline of the body or a structure. The medi/al portion of the face contains the nose.
102
From the term medi/al, determine the root that means middle:
medi
103
From the term medi/al, determine the suffix that means pertaining to: .
al
104
The suffix for toward is .
-ad
105
The word root for middle is .
medi
106
Combine medi + -ad to form a word that means toward the middle. /
medi/ad
107
Anatomists use the term infer/ior to refer to
a body structure located below another body structure or the lower part of a structure. For example, your chin is situated infer/ior to your mouth. The rectum is the infer/ior portion of the colon.
108
To indicate that a structure is below another structure, use the directional term / .
infer/ior
109
To indicate the lower part of a structure, use the directional term / .
infer/ior
110
The legs are / to the trunk.
infer/ior
111
The eyes are / to the nose.
later/al
112
cephal/ad (SĔF-ă-lăd)
refers to the direction toward the head.
113
Anatomists and other health care professionals use the term super/ior to refer to
a body structure that is above another body structure or toward the head because the head is the most superior structure of the body.
114
When referring to the direction going toward the head, use the term / .
cephal/ad (SĔF-ă-lăd)
115
The chest is / to the stomach.
super/ior
116
The stomach is / to the lungs.
infer/ior
117
The head is / to the neck.
super/ior
118
The CF caud/o means
tail. In this sense, tail designates a position toward the end of the body, away from the head. In humans, it also refers to an infer/ior position in the body or within a structure.
119
Combine caud + -al to build a word that means pertaining to the tail. /
caud/al; KAWD-ăl
120
\The terms proxim/al and dist/al are
positional and directional terms.
121
Proxim/al describes a structure as being
nearest the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure.
122
Dist/al describes a structure as
being far from the point of attachment to the trunk or from the beginning of a structure.
123
nearest the point of attachment: / .
proxim/al
124
farthest from the point of attachment: / .
dist/al
125
The directional element proxim/o means
near or nearest the point of attachment;
126
To describe a structure nearest the point of attachment, use the directional term / .
proximal
127
To describe a structure as being farthest from the point of attachment, use the directional term / .
distal
128
The prefix ab- means
from, away from;
129
the suffix -duction means
act of leading, bringing, conducting.
130
ad/duction (ă)-DŬK-shŭn
movement away from the body.
131
Some directional terms, such as ab/duction and ad/duction, indicate
movement away from the body and movement toward the body.
132
The prefix ab- means
from, away from;
133
The prefix ad- means
toward
134
the suffix -duction means
act of leading, bringing, conducting.
135
The CF or suffix that matches its definition caud/o
10. tail
136
The CF or suffix that matches its definition later/o
15. side, to one side
137
The CF or suffix that matches its definition cyt/o
6. cell
138
The CF or suffix that matches its definition medi/o
3. middle
139
The CF or suffix that matches its definition dist/o
12. far, farthest
140
The CF or suffix that matches its definition proxim/o
4. near, nearest
141
The CF or suffix that matches its definition hist/o
1. tissue
142
The CF or suffix that matches its definition ventr/o
7. belly, belly side
143
The CF or suffix that matches its definition infer/o
13. lower, below
144
The CF or suffix that matches its definition '-al, -ior
2. pertaining to
145
The CF or suffix that matches its definition 'logy
5. study of
146
The CF or suffix that matches its definition '-toxic
8. poison
147
The CF or suffix that matches its definition '-ad
9. toward
148
The CF or suffix that matches its definition '-logist
11. specialist in study of
149
The CF or suffix that matches its definition '-lysis
14. separation; destruction; loosening
150
abdomin/o
abdomen
151
abdomin/al (ăb-DŎM-ĭ-năl □):
pertaining to the abdomen
152
cephal/o
head
153
cephal/ad (SĔF-ă-lăd □):
toward the head
154
cervic/o
neck; cervix uteri (neck of uterus)
155
cervic/al (SĔR-vĭ-kăl □):
pertaining to the neck of the body or the neck of the uterus
156
crani/o
cranium (skull)
157
crani/al (KRĀ-nē-ăl □):
pertaining to the cranium or skull
158
gastr/o
stomach
159
gastr/ic (GĂS-trĭk □):
pertaining to the stomach
160
ili/o
ilium (lateral, flaring portion of hip bone)
161
ili/ac (ĬL-ē-ăk □):
pertaining to the ilium
162
inguin/o
groin
163
inguin/al (ĬNG-gwĭ-năl □):
pertaining to the groin
164
lumb/o
loins (lower back)
165
lumb/ar (LŬM-băr □):
pertaining to the loin area or lower back
166
pelv/i*
pelvis
167
pelv/i/meter (pĕl-VĬM-ĕ-tĕr □):
instrument for measuring the pelvis
168
spin/o
spine
169
spin/al (SPÎ-năl □):
pertaining to the spine or spinal column
170
thorac/o
chest
171
thorac/ic (thō-RĂS-ĭk □):
pertaining to the chest
172
umbilic/o
umbilicus, navel
173
peri-:
around
174
peri/umbilic/al (pĕr-ē-ŭm-BĬL-ĭ-kăl □):
pertaining to the area around the umbilicus
175
1. ili/ac
-ac: pertaining to; ilium: lateral, flaring portion of hip bone
176
2. abdomin/al
-al: pertaining to; abdomen
177
3. inguin/al
-al: pertaining to; groin
178
4. spin/al
-al: pertaining to; spine
179
5. peri/umbilic/al
-al: pertaining to; around; umbilicus, navel
180
6. cephal/ad
-ad: toward; head
181
7. gastr/ic
-ic: pertaining to; stomach
182
8. thorac/ic
-ic: pertaining to; chest
183
9. cervic/al
-al: pertaining to; neck, cervix uteri (neck of the uterus)
184
10. lumb/ar
-ar: pertaining to; loins (lower back)
185
To visualize structural arrangements of various organs, the body may be sectioned (cut) according to planes of reference. The three major planes are the
frontal, median, and horizontal planes, as shown in Figure 2-5.
186
A body plane is an
imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections.
187
Different planes divide the body into different sections, such as
front and back, left side and right side, and top and bottom. These planes serve as points of reference for describing the direction from which the body is being observed. Planes are particularly useful to describe views in which radiographic images are taken.
188
An imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections is a .
body plane
189
The three major planes of the body
frontal (coronal); horizontal (transverse); median (midsagittal)
190
The median (midsagittal) plane lies
exactly in the middle of the body and divides the body into two equal halves. (See Figure 2-5.)
191
When the chest is divided into equal right and left sides, it is divided by the
median plane, also known as the midsagital plane.
192
2–35 When the lungs are divided into equal right and left sides, they are divided by the midsagittal plane, also known as the plane.
median plane
193
The horizontal (transverse) plane runs
across the body from the right side to the left side and divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions. Figure 2-5 shows the division of this plane.
194
The plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions is the horizontal plane. This plane is also called the plane.
transverse
195
Many different trans/verse planes exist at every possible level of the body, from head to foot. A trans/verse section is also called a
cross-sectional plane. Some radiographic imaging devices produce cross-sectional images.
196
Cross-sectioning of the body or of an organ along different planes results in
different views.
197
In radiography, the horizontal, or trans/verse, plane is also known as the plane.
cross-sectional plane.
198
A radi/o/graph of the liver along a trans/verse plane results in
a different view than a radiograph along the frontal plane. That is why a series of x-rays commonly includes different planes. Views along different planes result in a comprehensive image of a body structure.
199
instrument for recording: .
-graph
200
radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side): / .
??
201
through, across: .
trans-
202
turning: .
??
203
2–40 The frontal (coronal) plane is commonly used to take anter/o/poster/ior (AP) chest radiographs, indicating that
the x-ray beam enters the body on the anterior side and exits the body on the / side. The radiograph produced shows a view from the front of the chest toward the back (of the body).
204
2–41 In the previous frame, you learned that anter/o/poster/ior is used in radi/o/logy to describe the direction or path of an x-ray beam. The CF radi/o means
radiation; x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side).
205
The suffix -logy means .
?
206
2–42 Use radi/o to form a word that means study of radiation or x-rays:
radi/o/logy
207
Body Cavities
Body cavities are hollow spaces within the body that contain, protect, and support internal organs. The cavities are also used as a point of reference to locate body structures within the cavities.
208
There are four body cavities:
two dors/al cavities, which are located in the back (posterior) part of the body, and two ventr/al cavities, which are located in the front (anterior) part of the body. (See Figure 2-6.)
209
2–43 The thorac/ic and abdominal cavities are separated by
a muscular wall known as the diaphragm.
210
Because the abdominal and pelvic cavities are not separated by a wall, they are commonly referred
together as the abdominopelvic cavity. Review Figure 2-6 to study the location of the dors/al cavities.
211
2–44 The dors/al cavity is subdivided into the
(1) crani/al and (2) spin/al cavities.
212
The crani/al (KRĀ-nē-ăl) cavity is encased by
the skull and contains the brain;
213
the spin/al (SPĪ-năl) cavity contains the
spinal cord.
214
pertaining to the cranium (skull): / .
crani/al
215
pertaining to the spine: / .
spin/al
216
2–45 The (3) diaphragm is a
dome-shaped muscle that plays an important role in breathing. It separates the thorac/ic cavity from the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity. Locate the diaphragm in Figure 2-6.
217
Indicate the root that refers to the: pelvis: .
pelv
218
Indicate the root that refers to the: chest: .
thorac
219
Indicate the root that refers to the: abdomen: .
abdomin
220
2–47 The major body cavities of the trunk are the
thorac/ic and abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavities.
221
The (4) thoracic cavity contains the
heart and lungs,
222
the (5) abdominopelvic cavity contains the
digestive and reproductive organs.
223
The abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity contains, by far,
the greatest number of organs of any of the body cavities and is further subdivided into the (6) abdominal and (7) pelvic cavities. Locate these cavities in Figure 2-6.
224
2–48 Review Figure 2-6 to identify the largest cavity in the body that incorporates the abdomin/o/pelv/ic and thorac/ic cavities: / cavity
ventr/al VĔN-trăl
225
2–49 Medical personnel locate a structure of interest by
referring to the body cavity in which it can be found.
226
The thoracic cavity is located / to the abdominopelvic cavity.
super/ior soo-PĒ-rē-or
227
The spinal cavity is located / to the cranial cavity.
infer/ior ĭn-FĒ-rē-or
228
2–50 Because the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity is a large area and contains many organs, it is useful to divide it into smaller sections. One method divides the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity into ____________. A second method divides the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity into________
quadrants. regions. Physicians and other health care professionals use quadrants or regions as a point of reference.
229
The larger division of the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity consists of
four quadrants: right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ). Locate these quadrants in Figure 2-7A.
230
RUQ:
right upper quadrant
231
LUQ:
left upper quadrant
232
RLQ:
right lower quadrant
233
LLQ:
left lower quadrant
234
2–52 Quadrants are useful in
describing the location in the body where a surgical procedure will be performed. They are also useful in denoting incision sites or the location of abnormal masses, such as tumors.
235
A tumor located in the right lower quadrant will most likely be denoted in the medical record with the abbreviation .
RLQ
236
2–53 Quadrants may also describe the locations of the patients’ symptoms. The physician may pinpoint a patient’s abdominal pain in the RLQ. Such a finding could indicate a diagnosis of
appendicitis because the appendix is located in that quadrant. Pain in another quadrant, such as the LLQ, would indicate a different diagnosis.
237
right lower quadrant: .
RLQ
238
left lower quadrant: .
LLQ
239
left upper quadrant,
LUQ
240
2–54 Locate the quadrant that contains a major part of the stomach.
??
241
This quadrant is the , and its abbreviation is .
??
242
2–55 Larger sections of the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity are divided into
four quadrants,
243
whereas the smaller sections are divided into
nine regions, each of which corresponds to a region near a specific point in the body. As with quadrants, body region designation can also describe the location of internal organs and the origin of pain. Review Figure 2-7B to see the location of various organs within these regions.
244
hypo/chondr/iac hī-pō-KŎN-drē-ăk
??
245
epi/gastr/ic ĕp-ĭ-GĂS-trĭk
??
246
inguin/al ĬNG-gwĭ-năl
??
247
lumb/ar LŬM-băr
??
248
umbilic/al ŭm-BĬL-ĭ-kăl
??
249
Combining Form
??
250
chondr/o
cartilage
251
gastr/o
stomach
252
inguin/o
groin
253
lumb/o
loins (lower back)
254
umbilic/o
umbilicus, navel
255
*Although chondr/o means cartilage, hypo/chondr/iac also refers to the
right and left regions below the ribs.
256
Use gastr/o to develop medical words that pertain to the area under or below the stomach: / / .
hypo/gastr/ic hī-pō-GĂS-trĭk
257
Use gastr/o to develop medical words that pertain to the area above or on the stomach: / / .
epi/gastr/ic ĕp-ĭ-GĂS-trĭk
258
Regions of the Abdomen
??
259
2–58 The epi/gastr/ic region may be the location of
“heartburn” pain. Pain in this area could be symptomatic of many abnormal conditions, including indigestion or heart attack.
260
The area of heartburn pain may be felt in the / / region.
epi/gastr/ic ĕp-ĭ-GĂS-trĭk
261
2–59 The right and left hypo/chondr/iac regions are located on
each side of the epi/gastr/ic region and directly under the cartilage of the ribs.
262
Identify the elements in hypo/chondr/iac that mean pertaining to: .
-iac
263
Identify the elements in hypo/chondr/iac that mean under, below, deficient: .
hypo-
264
Identify the elements in hypo/chondr/iac that mean cartilage: .
chondr
265
2–60 The lumbar regions consist of the
middle right and middle left regions, located near the waistline of the body.
266
The term lumb/ar means pertaining to the ( ).
loins ; (lower back)
267
2–61 Combine lumb/o + abdomin + -al to form a term that means pertaining to the loins and abdomen.
lumb/o/abdomin/al lŭm-bō-ăb-DŎM-ĭ-năl
268
2–62 The center of the umbilic/al region marks the point where the
umbilic/al cord of the mother enters the fetus. This point is called the navel or, in layman’s terms, the “belly button.”
269
The region that lies between the right and left lumbar regions is designated as the / region.
umbilic/al ŭm-BĬL-ĭ-kăl
270
2–63 The CF umbilic/o refers to the
umbilicus, or navel. The region that literally means pertaining to the navel is the / region.
271
2–64 A hernia is a protrusion or projection of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it. A common type of hernia that may occur, particularly in males, is an inguin/al hernia. This hernia would be located in the right or left / region.
inguin/al ĬNG-gwĭ-năl
272
2–65 Locate the right inguin/al region and the left inguin/al region in Figure 2-7B. A hernia on the right side of the groin is called a / .
right inguin/al hernia ĬNG-gwĭ-năl HĔR-nē-ă
273
2–66 The area between the right and left inguin/al regions is called the hypo/gastr/ic (hī-pō-GĂS-trĭk) region. This region contains the
large intestine (colon), which is involved in the removal of solid waste from the body.
274
Identify the name of the region below the stomach that literally means pertaining to below the stomach.
??
275
1. ________________ toward
Correct Answer : -ad
276
2. ________________ groin
Correct Answer : inguin/o
277
3. ________________ stomach
Correct Answer : gastr/o
278
4. ________________ pelvis
Correct Answer : pelv/o
279
5. ________________ cartilage
Correct Answer : chondr/o
280
6. ________________ above, on
Correct Answer : epi-
281
7. ________________ pertaining to
Correct Answer : -ac, -al, -ic, -ior
282
8. ________________ loins, (lower back)
Correct Answer : lumb/o
283
9. ________________ chest
Correct Answer : thorac/o
284
10. ________________ under, below, deficient
Correct Answer : hypo-
285
11. ________________ cranium (skull)
Correct Answer : crani/o
286
12. ________________ spine
Correct Answer : spin/o
287
13. ________________ umbilicus, navel
Correct Answer : umbilic/o
288
14. ________________ back (of body), behind, posterior
Correct Answer : poster/o
289
15. ________________ abdomen
Correct Answer : abdomin/o
290
AP
anteroposterior
291
Bx, bx
biopsy
292
LAT, lat
lateral
293
LLQ
left lower quadrant
294
Radiology
?
295
CT
computed tomography
296
CXR
chest x-ray, chest radiograph
297
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
298
adhesion ăd-HĒ-zhŭn
Band of scarlike tissue that forms between two surfaces inside the body and causes them to stick together; Adhesions develop when the body’s repair mechanisms respond to any tissue disturbance, such as surgery, infection, trauma, or radiation. Although adhesions can occur anywhere in the body, they form most commonly in the abdomen after abdominal surgery, inflammation, or injury (see Figure 2-8).
299
edema ĕ-DĒ-mă
Swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues, or cavities of the body; Body parts swell from injury or inflammation. Edema can affect a small area or the entire body.
300
pitting
Edema caused by fluid accumulation that may be demonstrated by applying pressure to the swollen area (e.g., by depressing the skin with a finger). (See Figure 2-9.)
301
inflammation ĭn-flă-MĀ-shun
Protective response of body tissues to irritation, infection, or allergy; Signs of inflammation include redness, swelling, heat, and pain, commonly accompanied by loss of function.
302
septicemia; sĕp-tĭ-SĒ-mē-ă
Systemic disease caused by infection with microorganisms and their toxins in circulating blood; also called sepsis and blood poisoning; If a patient becomes “septic,” he or she will likely have low blood pressure leading to poor circulation. Septicemia can develop as a result of the body’s own defense system or from toxic substances made by the infecting agent (e.g., a bacterium, virus, or fungus).
303
septic:
infection
304
-emia:
blood
305
culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Laboratory test of a body fluid placed on a culture medium to identify the cause of an infection (usually a bacterium) and a sensitivity test that determines which antibiotic drug will work best to treat the infection; A C&S test may be done on many different body fluids, such as urine, mucus, blood, pus, saliva, spinal fluid, or discharge from the vagina or the penis.
306
endoscopy ĕn-DŎS-kō-pē
visual examination ; Visual examination of the interior of organs and cavities with a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope; Endoscopy can also help obtain tissue samples for biopsy, perform surgery, and monitor the course of a disease, as in the assessment of the healing of gastric ulcers. The cavity or organ examined dictates the name of the endoscopic procedure, such as gastroscopy and bronchoscopy. Use of a camera and video recorder is common to provide a permanent record. (See Figure 2-10.)
307
endo-:
in, within
308
-scopy:
visual examination ; Visual examination of the interior of organs and cavities with a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope; Endoscopy can also help obtain tissue samples for biopsy, perform surgery, and monitor the course of a disease, as in the assessment of the healing of gastric ulcers. The cavity or organ examined dictates the name of the endoscopic procedure, such as gastroscopy and bronchoscopy. Use of a camera and video recorder is common to provide a permanent record. (See Figure 2-10.)
309
fluoroscopy floo-or-ŎS-kō-pē
Radiographic procedure that uses a fluorescent screen instead of a photographic plate to produce a visual image from x-rays that pass through the patient, resulting in continuous imaging of the motion of internal structures and immediate serial images; Fluoroscopy is invaluable in diagnostic and clinical procedures. It permits the radiographer to observe organs, such as the digestive tract and heart, in motion. It is also used during intrauterine fetal transfusion, biopsy, nasogastric tube placement, and cardiac catheterization.
310
fluor/o:
luminous, fluorescence
311
-scopy:
visual examination
312
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) măg-NĔT-ĭc RĔZ-ĕn-ăns ĬM-ĭj-ĭng
Radiographic procedure that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body; MRI does not require a contrast medium; however, one may be used to enhance visualization of internal structures. (See Figure 2-11E.) MRI is considered superior to CT for most abnormalities of the central nervous system (particularly of the brainstem and spinal cord), the musculoskeletal system, and the pelvic area.
313
nuclear scan NŪ-klē-ăr
Radiographic procedure that produces images of an organ or area of the body by introducing a radionuclide substance (tracer or radiopharmaceutical) that releases a low level of radiation; also called nuclear scanning, radionuclide imaging, and nuclear medicine scan. (See Figure 2-11C.); Nuclear scan uses a very small amount of radioactivity and is not known to cause harm.
314
tomography tō-MŎG-ră-fē
Tomography is a valuable diagnostic tool for identifying space-occupying lesions, such as those found in the liver, brain, pancreas, and gallbladder. Types of tomography include PET (see Figure 2-11F), CT, and SPECT. Tomography in which a narrow beam of x-rays rotates in a full arc around the patient to acquire multiple views of the body, which a computer interprets to produce cross-sectional images of an internal organ or tissue; previously called computerized axial tomography (CAT)
315
tom/o:
to cut, slice
316
-graphy:
process of recording
317
computed tomography (CT) cŏm-PŪ-tĕd tō-MŎG-ră-fē
Any of several radiographic procedures in which specialized machines produce a film representing a detailed cross section, or slice (cut), of an area, tissue, or organ; CT scans help detect tumor masses, accumulations of fluid, and bone displacements. CT may be performed with or without a contrast medium. (See Figures 2-11D and 2-12.)
318
CT scans help detect
tumor masses, accumulations of fluid, and bone displacements. CT may be performed with or without a contrast medium. (See Figures 2-11D and 2-12.)
319
ŭl-tră-sŏn-ŎG-ră-fē
Radiographic procedure in which a small transducer passed over the skin transmits high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) that bounce off body tissues and are then recorded to produce an image of an internal organ or tissue; also called ultrasound and echo. (See Figure 2-13.) In contrast to other imaging techniques, US does not use ionizing radiation (x-ray). It is used to evaluate fetal development; examine internal structures of the abdomen, brain, and heart; diagnose musculoskeletal disorders; and evaluate blood flow. (See Figure 2-11B.) The record produced by US is called a sonogram or echogram.
320
ultra-:
excess, beyond
321
son/o:
sound
322
In contrast to other imaging techniques, US does not use
ionizing radiation (x-ray). It is used to evaluate fetal development; examine internal structures of the abdomen, brain, and heart; diagnose musculoskeletal disorders; and evaluate blood flow. (See Figure 2-11B.) The record produced by US is called a sonogram or echogram.
323
Figure 2-13 Ultrasonogram of the bladder.
This bladder scan is performed at the bedside. It may be used instead of catheterization after the patient urinates to determine the amount of urine remaining in the bladder.
324
x-ray
High-energy electromagnetic waves (x-rays) pass through the body onto a photographic film to produce an image of internal structures of the body for diagnosis and therapeutic purposes; also called radiograph; Soft body tissues, such as the stomach or liver, appear black or gray on the x-ray; dense body tissues, such as bone, appear white, making it useful in diagnosing fractures. Figure 2-11A is a chest radiograph showing widening of the mediastinum.
325
Soft body tissues, such as the stomach or liver, appear
black or gray on the x-ray;
326
ON X-RAY dense body tissues, such as bone, appear
white, making it useful in diagnosing fractures. Figure 2-11A is a chest radiograph showing widening of the mediastinum.
327
Figure 2-14 Anastomosis. (3 WAYS TO DO IT)
(A) End-to-end anastomosis. (B) End-to-side anastomosis. (C) Side-to-side anastomosis.
328
Connection between two vessels, such as the surgical joining of two ducts, blood vessels, or bowel segments, to allow flow from one to the other (See Figure 2-14.)
anastomosis ă-năs-tō-MŌ-sĭs
329
Process of burning abnormal tissue with electricity, freezing, heat, or chemicals (silver nitrate)
cauterize KAW-tĕr-īz Cauterization is usually performed to destroy damaged or diseased tissues or coagulate blood vessels.
330
Minor surgical procedure to release pus or pressure built up under the skin, such as from an abscess or boil
incision and drainage (I&D)
331
LUQ
left upper quadrant
332
PA
posteroanterior; pernicious anemia; pulmonary artery; physician assistant
333
RLQ
right lower quadrant
334
RUQ
right upper quadrant
335
PET
positron emission tomography
336
US
ultrasound; ultrasonography
337
SPECT
single-photon emission computed tomography
338
Correct Answer : PT* to the front (of the body, organ, or structure)
anter/ior WR S
339
1. cephal/ad
WR S ; Correct Answer : toward the head
340
2. crani/o/meter
crani/o/meter; CF S; Correct Answer : instrument for measuring the cranium (skull)
341
3. epi/gastr/ic
epi/gastr/ic P WR S Correct Answer : PT above the stomach
342
4. peri/umbilic/al
peri/umbilic/al P WR S PT around the umbilicus or navel
343
Correct Answer : PT to the back side (of the body)
poster/o/later/al CF WR S
344
6. ______________ visual examination in or within (the body)
??
345
7. ______________ PT under or below the stomach
??
346
8. ______________ study of cells
??
347
9. ______________ PT the side or to one side
??
348
10. ______________ PT an infection
??
349
11. ______________ PT poison
??
350
12. ______________ toward the head
??
351
13. ______________ study of radiation or an x-ray
??
352
14. ______________ PT above or the upper part of a structure
??
353
15. ______________ also called horizontal plane
??
354
What type of test is done to determine if a skin abnormality is benign or malignant?
biopsy
355
2. Olivia washes her hands a lot, making her skin rough and dry. What is the medical term for this?
xeroderma
356
3. Which of the following terms refers to a malignant tumor of melanocytes, which can be attributed to intense exposure to sunlight?
melanoma
357
4. Which term contains the word root which means “fat” and indicates a benign tumor?
adipoma
358
The condition in this scenario, sudoresis, is also known as:
hyperhidrosis.
359
The sweat glands are found in this layer of the skin.
dermis
360
What is the word root for the color black?
melan
361
In the term sudoresis, what is the meaning of -esis?
condition
362
What is the combining form for “red”?
erythr/o
363
What type of prescription did Dr. Davis write for the eczema?
anit-inflammatory
364
What is the term for redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries?
Eczema
365
What did Dr. Davis see that led her to believe that the patient had been scratching her skin a lot?
Lesions
366
The protective covering of the body
epidermis
367
2. A black tumor
melanoma
368
3. Pertaining to under, or below the skin
subcutaneous
369
4. Hardening and thickening of the skin
scleroderma
370
5. Abnormal condition caused by fungi
mycosis
371
6. Softening of the nail
onychomalacia
372
7. Disease of the skin
dermopathy
373
8. Skin that is red
erythroderma
374
9. Cell that is white
leukocyte
375
10. An instrument used to incise or cut skin
dermatome
376
11. Pertaining to below the skin
hypodermic
377
12. Tumor containing yellow material
xanthoma
378
13. Condition where nails become white, opaque, thickened and brittle
onychomycosis
379
14. Inadequate perspiration
anhidrosis
380
15. Treatment using cold
cryotherapy
381
1. Movement away from the body
abduction
382
2. Pertaining to the nearest point of attachment
proximal
383
3. Toward the head
cephalad
384
4. Pertaining to the groin
inguinal
385
5. The study of cells
cytology
386
6. Separation, destruction, or loosening of tissue
histolysis
387
7. Pertaining to the side (one side)
lateral
388
8. Instrument for measuring the pelvis
pelvimeter
389
9. Pertaining to the lower back
lumbar
390
10. Pertaining to nearest the point of attachment
proximal
391
11. Pertaining to the skin
cutaneous
392
12. Visual exam inside an organ or cavity using a lighted instrument
endoscopy
393
13. Under or below the stomach
hypogastric
394
14. Pertaining to the back and side of the body
posterolateral
395
15. Toward the middle
mediad
396
Imaginary flat surface used to identify sections of the body
plane
397
5 .Toward the head
cephalad
398
8 .Study of tissues
histology
399
9 .Toward the middle (or center of the body)
mediad
400
10 .Upper-middle abdominopelvic region
epigastric
401
11 .Movement toward the median plane of the body
adduction
402
12 .Each of the four areas of the abdominopelvic cavity
quadrants
403
1 .Protective response of body tissues to irritation, infection, or allergy
inflammation
404
3 .Destruction, dissolution, or separation of a cell
cytolysis
405
4 .The control center of the cell and responsible for reproduction
nucleus
406
6 .Pertaining to the front of the body
anterior
407
7 .Body cavity composed of the cranial and spinal cavities
dorsal
408
The smallest structural and functional unit of life
cell
409
2. Complete living entity
organism
410
3. Plane that divides the body into right and left halves
midsagittal
411
4. Cavity that contains the heart and lungs
thoracic
412
5. Quadrant containing the appendix
right lower
413
6. Regions used to identify the location of underlying body structures and visceral organs
abdominopelvic
414
7. Pertaining to the tail
caudal
415
8. Tumor composed of cartilage
chondroma
416
9. Specialist in the study of tissue
histologist
417
10. Nearer to the center or the point of attachment
proximal
418
Areas of tissue pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection
??
419
7 .Layer of skin where new cells are formed
??
420
10 .A system of categorizing tumor cells based on the degree of loss of cellular differentiation and function
??
421
11 .Gland that cools the body by evaporation
??
422
12 .Removal of foreign material and dead or damaged tissue,especially in a wound
??
423
1 .Benign (not malignant) neoplasm in which the tumor cells form glands or glandlike structures
??
424
2 .Anti-inflammatory agents that treat skin inflammation
??
425
3 .Growth of hair in dermoid cyst or in a sinus opening on the skin
??
426
5 .Layer of skin that binds the dermis to underlying structures
??
427
6 .Outer layer of skin
??
428
8 .A graft done with tissue transplanted from the patient's own skin
??
429
9 .Tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination
??
