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MAT 101 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The levels of organization from the least to the most complex are the:

A

cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism

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2
Q

• cellular level,

A

the smallest structural and functional unit of the body.

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3
Q

• tissue level,

A

groups of cells that perform a specialized function.

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4
Q

• organ level,

A

groups of tissues that perform a specific function.

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5
Q

• system level,

A

groups of organs that are interconnected or that have similar or interrelated functions.

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6
Q

• organism level,

A

collection of body systems that makes up the most complex level—a living human being.

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7
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage

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8
Q

-oma

A

tumor

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9
Q

chondr/oma (kŏn-DRŌ-mă □):

A

tumor composed of cartilage

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10
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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11
Q

-meter

A

instrument for measuring

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12
Q

cyt/o/meter (sī-TŎM-ĕ-ter □):

A

instrument for counting and measuring cells

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13
Q

hist/o

A

tissue

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14
Q

-lysis

A

separation, destruction, loosening

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15
Q

hist/o/lysis (hĭs-TŎL-ĭ-sĭs □):

A

separation, destruction, or loosening of tissue

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16
Q

nucle/o

A

nucleus

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17
Q

ar

A

pertaining to

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18
Q

nucle/ar (NŪ-klē-ăr □):

A

pertaining to the nucleus

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19
Q

anter/o

A

anterior, front

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20
Q

ior

A

pertaining to

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21
Q

anter/ior (ăn-TĒ-rē-ōr □):

A

pertaining to the front (of the body, organ, or structure)

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22
Q

caud/o

A

tail

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23
Q

-ad

A

toward

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24
Q

caud/ad (KAW-dăd □):

A

toward the tail

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25
Q

dist/o

A

far, farthest

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26
Q

-al

A

pertaining to

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27
Q

dist/al (DĬS-tăl □):

A

pertaining to the farthest (point of attachment)

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28
Q

dors/o

A

back (of body)

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29
Q

dors/al (DŌR-săl □):

A

pertaining to the back (of the body)

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30
Q

infer/o

A

lower, below

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31
Q

infer/ior (ĭn-FĒ-rē-or □):

A

pertaining to below or lower (structure or surface)

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32
Q

later/o

A

side, to one side

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33
Q

later/al (LĂT-ĕr-ăl □):

A

pertaining to the side

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34
Q

medi/o

A

middle

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35
Q

medi/al (MĒ-dē-ăl □):

A

pertaining to the middle

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36
Q

poster/o

A

back (of body), behind, posterior

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37
Q

poster/ior (pŏs-TĒ-rē-or □):

A

pertaining to the back (of the body, organ, or structure)

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38
Q

proxim/o

A

near, nearest

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39
Q

proxim/al (PRŎK-sĭm-ăl □):

A

pertaining to the nearest (point of attachment)

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40
Q

super/o

A

upper, above

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41
Q

super/ior (soo-PĒ-rē-or □):

A

pertaining to above or upper (part of the body, organ, or structure)

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42
Q

ventr/o

A

belly, belly side

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43
Q

ventr/al (VĔN-trăl □):

A

pertaining to the belly side (front of the body)

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44
Q

medi/o-:

A

middle

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45
Q

-ad

A

toward

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46
Q

medi/ad (MĒ-dē-ăd □):

A

toward the middle or center

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47
Q

hist/o:

A

tissue

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48
Q

-logist

A

specialist in the study of

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49
Q

hist/o/logist (hĭs-TŎL-ō-jĭst □):

A

specialist in the study of tissue

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50
Q

cyt/o:

A

cell

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51
Q

-logy

A

study of

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52
Q

cyt/o/logy (sī-TŎL-ō-jē □):

A

study of cells

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53
Q

-lysis

A

separation; destruction; loosening

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54
Q

cyt/o/lysis (sī-TŎL-ĭ-sĭs □):

A

destruction, dissolution, or separation of a cell

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55
Q

Cells are the smallest

A

living units of structure and function in the human body.

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56
Q

Every tissue and organ in the body is composed of

A

cells.

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57
Q

The nucleus is the

A

control center of the cell and is responsible for reproduction. This spherical unit contains genetic codes for maintaining life systems of the organism and for issuing commands for growth and reproduction.

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58
Q

The combining form (CF) for nucleus is / .

A

nucle/o

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59
Q

Any chemical substance, such as a drug, that interferes with or destroys the cellular reproductive process in the nucleus is referred to as a

A

nucle/o/toxic substance. Examples of nucle/o/toxic drugs are those administered to patients with cancer during chemotherapy.

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60
Q

pertaining to poison:

A

-toxic

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61
Q

Recall that cyt/o and -cyte are used to form words that refer to a .

A

cell

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62
Q

A cyt/o/logist is usually a biologist who specializes in

A

the study of cells, especially one who uses cyt/o/log/ic techniques to diagnose neoplasms.

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63
Q

Using cyt/o, build a word that means study of cells: / / .

A

cyt/o/logy

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64
Q

Use cyt/o to form words that mean specialist in the study of cells

A

cyt/o/logist

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65
Q

Use cyt/o to form words that mean dissolution or destruction of a cell

A

cyt/o/lysis

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66
Q

At the tissue level, the structural organization of the human body consists of

A

groups of cells working together to carry out a specialized activity.

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67
Q

The medical scientist who specializes in the study of microscopic structures of tissues is called a

A

hist/o/logist.

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68
Q

The suffixes -ac, -al, -ar, -iac, -ic, and -ior are adjective endings that mean

A

pertaining to.These suffixes help describe position, direction, body divisions, and body structures.

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69
Q

Use the adjective ending -al to form words that mean pertaining to the back (of body):

A

dors/al

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70
Q

Use the adjective ending -al to form words that mean pertaining to side, to one side: later / .

A

later/al

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71
Q

Use the adjective ending -al to form words that mean pertaining to belly, belly side: ventr / .

A

ventr/al

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72
Q

list the 10 adjective suffixes that mean ‘pertaining to’

A

??

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73
Q

Four additional adjective suffixes meaning pertaining to

A

-ary, -eal, -ous, and -tic.

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74
Q

To guarantee consistency in descriptions of location, the anatomic/al position is a reference point to describe

A

the location or direction of a body structure.

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75
Q

In anatomic/al position, the body is

A

erect and the eyes are looking forward. The arms hang to the sides, with palms facing forward; the legs are parallel with the toes pointing straight ahead.

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76
Q

2–12 When a person is standing upright, facing forward, arms at his or her sides, palms facing forward, legs parallel, and feet slightly apart with the toes pointing forward, he or she is in the standard position called the / position.

A

anatomic/al; ăn-ă-TŎM-ĭk-ăl

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77
Q

front of the body: / and / .

A

anter/ior and ventr/al

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78
Q

back of the body: / and / .

A

poster/ior and dors/al

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79
Q

What position of the body do the terms anter/ior and ventr/al refer to?

A

front of the body

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80
Q

What position of the body do the terms poster/ior and dors/al refer to?

A

back of the body

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81
Q

The term poster/o/anter/ior (PA) refers to

A

the back and front of the body.

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82
Q

pertaining to back: .

A

pŏs-TĒ-rē-or

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83
Q

pertaining to front

A

ăn-TĒ-rē-or or

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84
Q

2–16 Directional terms are commonly used in radi/o/logy to describe

A

the direction of the x-ray beam from its source and then its point of exit.

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85
Q

A PA projection indicates that the path of the beam enters the body (See Figure 2-3.)

A

on the posterior side and exits anteriorly.

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86
Q

An anter/o/poster/ior (AP) projection indicates that

A

the path of the beam enters the body on the side and exits on the side.

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87
Q

The chest x-ray (CXR) helps diagnose conditions affecting the chest, its contents, and nearby structures. It can be taken in either the AP or the PA position. The abbreviation that means anter/o/poster/ior is

A

AP

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88
Q

The chest x-ray (CXR) helps diagnose conditions affecting the chest, its contents, and nearby structures. It can be taken in either the AP or the PA position. The abbreviation that means poster/o/anterior is .

A

PA

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89
Q

The stomach is located on the / side of the body.

A

anter/ior

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90
Q

The shoulder blades are located on the / side of the body.

A

poster/ior

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91
Q

Combine infer/o (lower, below) + -ior (pertaining to) to form a directional term that literally means pertaining to lower or below.

A

infer/ior

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92
Q

In medical terms, the prefix super- designates

A

an upper position. When you say “the head is superior to the stomach,” you mean it is located above the stomach.

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93
Q

When you say “the eyes are superior to the mouth,” you mean they are located the mouth.

A

above

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94
Q

The word element later/o means

A

side, to one side.

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95
Q

A radiographic projection that enters through the left or right side of the body is referred to as

A

a later/al projection.

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96
Q

The term later/al position refers to the (of the body).

A

side

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97
Q

Review the three basic rules for building medical words:

A

• Rule 1: The word root links a suffix that begins with a vowel.• Rule 2: The combining form (root + o) links a suffix that begins with a consonant.• Rule 3: The combining form (root + o) links a root to another root to form a compound word. (This rule holds true even if the next root begins with a vowel.)

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98
Q

radi/o/logy that specify the direction of the x-ray beam from its source to its exit surface before striking the film pertaining to the side or to one side (of the body): /.

A

LĂT-ĕr-ăl

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99
Q

radi/o/logy that specify the direction of the x-ray beam from its source to its exit surface before striking the film pertaining to the anterior, or front, and the side (of the body):

A

anter/o/later/al

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100
Q

radi/o/logy that specify the direction of the x-ray beam from its source to its exit surface before striking the film pertaining to the posterior, or back, and the side (of the body):

A

poster/o/later/al

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101
Q

The term medi/al describes

A

the midline of the body or a structure. The medi/al portion of the face contains the nose.

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102
Q

From the term medi/al, determine the root that means middle:

A

medi

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103
Q

From the term medi/al, determine the suffix that means pertaining to: .

A

al

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104
Q

The suffix for toward is .

A

-ad

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105
Q

The word root for middle is .

A

medi

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106
Q

Combine medi + -ad to form a word that means toward the middle. /

A

medi/ad

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107
Q

Anatomists use the term infer/ior to refer to

A

a body structure located below another body structure or the lower part of a structure. For example, your chin is situated infer/ior to your mouth. The rectum is the infer/ior portion of the colon.

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108
Q

To indicate that a structure is below another structure, use the directional term / .

A

infer/ior

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109
Q

To indicate the lower part of a structure, use the directional term / .

A

infer/ior

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110
Q

The legs are / to the trunk.

A

infer/ior

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111
Q

The eyes are / to the nose.

A

later/al

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112
Q

cephal/ad (SĔF-ă-lăd)

A

refers to the direction toward the head.

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113
Q

Anatomists and other health care professionals use the term super/ior to refer to

A

a body structure that is above another body structure or toward the head because the head is the most superior structure of the body.

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114
Q

When referring to the direction going toward the head, use the term / .

A

cephal/ad (SĔF-ă-lăd)

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115
Q

The chest is / to the stomach.

A

super/ior

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116
Q

The stomach is / to the lungs.

A

infer/ior

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117
Q

The head is / to the neck.

A

super/ior

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118
Q

The CF caud/o means

A

tail. In this sense, tail designates a position toward the end of the body, away from the head. In humans, it also refers to an infer/ior position in the body or within a structure.

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119
Q

Combine caud + -al to build a word that means pertaining to the tail. /

A

caud/al; KAWD-ăl

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120
Q

\The terms proxim/al and dist/al are

A

positional and directional terms.

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121
Q

Proxim/al describes a structure as being

A

nearest the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure.

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122
Q

Dist/al describes a structure as

A

being far from the point of attachment to the trunk or from the beginning of a structure.

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123
Q

nearest the point of attachment: / .

A

proxim/al

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124
Q

farthest from the point of attachment: / .

A

dist/al

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125
Q

The directional element proxim/o means

A

near or nearest the point of attachment;

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126
Q

To describe a structure nearest the point of attachment, use the directional term / .

A

proximal

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127
Q

To describe a structure as being farthest from the point of attachment, use the directional term / .

A

distal

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128
Q

The prefix ab- means

A

from, away from;

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129
Q

the suffix -duction means

A

act of leading, bringing, conducting.

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130
Q

ad/duction (ă)-DŬK-shŭn

A

movement away from the body.

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131
Q

Some directional terms, such as ab/duction and ad/duction, indicate

A

movement away from the body and movement toward the body.

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132
Q

The prefix ab- means

A

from, away from;

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133
Q

The prefix ad- means

A

toward

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134
Q

the suffix -duction means

A

act of leading, bringing, conducting.

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135
Q

The CF or suffix that matches its definition caud/o

A
  1. tail
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136
Q

The CF or suffix that matches its definition later/o

A
  1. side, to one side
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137
Q

The CF or suffix that matches its definition cyt/o

A
  1. cell
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138
Q

The CF or suffix that matches its definition medi/o

A
  1. middle
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139
Q

The CF or suffix that matches its definition dist/o

A
  1. far, farthest
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140
Q

The CF or suffix that matches its definition proxim/o

A
  1. near, nearest
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141
Q

The CF or suffix that matches its definition hist/o

A
  1. tissue
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142
Q

The CF or suffix that matches its definition ventr/o

A
  1. belly, belly side
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143
Q

The CF or suffix that matches its definition infer/o

A
  1. lower, below
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144
Q

The CF or suffix that matches its definition ‘-al, -ior

A
  1. pertaining to
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145
Q

The CF or suffix that matches its definition ‘logy

A
  1. study of
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146
Q

The CF or suffix that matches its definition ‘-toxic

A
  1. poison
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147
Q

The CF or suffix that matches its definition ‘-ad

A
  1. toward
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148
Q

The CF or suffix that matches its definition ‘-logist

A
  1. specialist in study of
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149
Q

The CF or suffix that matches its definition ‘-lysis

A
  1. separation; destruction; loosening
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150
Q

abdomin/o

A

abdomen

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151
Q

abdomin/al (ăb-DŎM-ĭ-năl □):

A

pertaining to the abdomen

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152
Q

cephal/o

A

head

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153
Q

cephal/ad (SĔF-ă-lăd □):

A

toward the head

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154
Q

cervic/o

A

neck; cervix uteri (neck of uterus)

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155
Q

cervic/al (SĔR-vĭ-kăl □):

A

pertaining to the neck of the body or the neck of the uterus

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156
Q

crani/o

A

cranium (skull)

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157
Q

crani/al (KRĀ-nē-ăl □):

A

pertaining to the cranium or skull

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158
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach

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159
Q

gastr/ic (GĂS-trĭk □):

A

pertaining to the stomach

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160
Q

ili/o

A

ilium (lateral, flaring portion of hip bone)

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161
Q

ili/ac (ĬL-ē-ăk □):

A

pertaining to the ilium

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162
Q

inguin/o

A

groin

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163
Q

inguin/al (ĬNG-gwĭ-năl □):

A

pertaining to the groin

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164
Q

lumb/o

A

loins (lower back)

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165
Q

lumb/ar (LŬM-băr □):

A

pertaining to the loin area or lower back

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166
Q

pelv/i*

A

pelvis

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167
Q

pelv/i/meter (pĕl-VĬM-ĕ-tĕr □):

A

instrument for measuring the pelvis

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168
Q

spin/o

A

spine

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169
Q

spin/al (SPÎ-năl □):

A

pertaining to the spine or spinal column

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170
Q

thorac/o

A

chest

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171
Q

thorac/ic (thō-RĂS-ĭk □):

A

pertaining to the chest

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172
Q

umbilic/o

A

umbilicus, navel

173
Q

peri-:

A

around

174
Q

peri/umbilic/al (pĕr-ē-ŭm-BĬL-ĭ-kăl □):

A

pertaining to the area around the umbilicus

175
Q
  1. ili/ac
A

-ac: pertaining to; ilium: lateral, flaring portion of hip bone

176
Q
  1. abdomin/al
A

-al: pertaining to; abdomen

177
Q
  1. inguin/al
A

-al: pertaining to; groin

178
Q
  1. spin/al
A

-al: pertaining to; spine

179
Q
  1. peri/umbilic/al
A

-al: pertaining to; around; umbilicus, navel

180
Q
  1. cephal/ad
A

-ad: toward; head

181
Q
  1. gastr/ic
A

-ic: pertaining to; stomach

182
Q
  1. thorac/ic
A

-ic: pertaining to; chest

183
Q
  1. cervic/al
A

-al: pertaining to; neck, cervix uteri (neck of the uterus)

184
Q
  1. lumb/ar
A

-ar: pertaining to; loins (lower back)

185
Q

To visualize structural arrangements of various organs, the body may be sectioned (cut) according to planes of reference. The three major planes are the

A

frontal, median, and horizontal planes, as shown in Figure 2-5.

186
Q

A body plane is an

A

imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections.

187
Q

Different planes divide the body into different sections, such as

A

front and back, left side and right side, and top and bottom. These planes serve as points of reference for describing the direction from which the body is being observed. Planes are particularly useful to describe views in which radiographic images are taken.

188
Q

An imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections is a .

A

body plane

189
Q

The three major planes of the body

A

frontal (coronal); horizontal (transverse); median (midsagittal)

190
Q

The median (midsagittal) plane lies

A

exactly in the middle of the body and divides the body into two equal halves. (See Figure 2-5.)

191
Q

When the chest is divided into equal right and left sides, it is divided by the

A

median plane, also known as the midsagital plane.

192
Q

2–35 When the lungs are divided into equal right and left sides, they are divided by the midsagittal plane, also known as the plane.

A

median plane

193
Q

The horizontal (transverse) plane runs

A

across the body from the right side to the left side and divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions. Figure 2-5 shows the division of this plane.

194
Q

The plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions is the horizontal plane. This plane is also called the plane.

A

transverse

195
Q

Many different trans/verse planes exist at every possible level of the body, from head to foot. A trans/verse section is also called a

A

cross-sectional plane. Some radiographic imaging devices produce cross-sectional images.

196
Q

Cross-sectioning of the body or of an organ along different planes results in

A

different views.

197
Q

In radiography, the horizontal, or trans/verse, plane is also known as the plane.

A

cross-sectional plane.

198
Q

A radi/o/graph of the liver along a trans/verse plane results in

A

a different view than a radiograph along the frontal plane. That is why a series of x-rays commonly includes different planes. Views along different planes result in a comprehensive image of a body structure.

199
Q

instrument for recording: .

A

-graph

200
Q

radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side): / .

A

??

201
Q

through, across: .

A

trans-

202
Q

turning: .

A

??

203
Q

2–40 The frontal (coronal) plane is commonly used to take anter/o/poster/ior (AP) chest radiographs, indicating that

A

the x-ray beam enters the body on the anterior side and exits the body on the / side. The radiograph produced shows a view from the front of the chest toward the back (of the body).

204
Q

2–41 In the previous frame, you learned that anter/o/poster/ior is used in radi/o/logy to describe the direction or path of an x-ray beam. The CF radi/o means

A

radiation; x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side).

205
Q

The suffix -logy means .

A

?

206
Q

2–42 Use radi/o to form a word that means study of radiation or x-rays:

A

radi/o/logy

207
Q

Body Cavities

A

Body cavities are hollow spaces within the body that contain, protect, and support internal organs. The cavities are also used as a point of reference to locate body structures within the cavities.

208
Q

There are four body cavities:

A

two dors/al cavities, which are located in the back (posterior) part of the body, and two ventr/al cavities, which are located in the front (anterior) part of the body. (See Figure 2-6.)

209
Q

2–43 The thorac/ic and abdominal cavities are separated by

A

a muscular wall known as the diaphragm.

210
Q

Because the abdominal and pelvic cavities are not separated by a wall, they are commonly referred

A

together as the abdominopelvic cavity. Review Figure 2-6 to study the location of the dors/al cavities.

211
Q

2–44 The dors/al cavity is subdivided into the

A

(1) crani/al and (2) spin/al cavities.

212
Q

The crani/al (KRĀ-nē-ăl) cavity is encased by

A

the skull and contains the brain;

213
Q

the spin/al (SPĪ-năl) cavity contains the

A

spinal cord.

214
Q

pertaining to the cranium (skull): / .

A

crani/al

215
Q

pertaining to the spine: / .

A

spin/al

216
Q

2–45 The (3) diaphragm is a

A

dome-shaped muscle that plays an important role in breathing. It separates the thorac/ic cavity from the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity. Locate the diaphragm in Figure 2-6.

217
Q

Indicate the root that refers to the: pelvis: .

A

pelv

218
Q

Indicate the root that refers to the: chest: .

A

thorac

219
Q

Indicate the root that refers to the: abdomen: .

A

abdomin

220
Q

2–47 The major body cavities of the trunk are the

A

thorac/ic and abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavities.

221
Q

The (4) thoracic cavity contains the

A

heart and lungs,

222
Q

the (5) abdominopelvic cavity contains the

A

digestive and reproductive organs.

223
Q

The abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity contains, by far,

A

the greatest number of organs of any of the body cavities and is further subdivided into the (6) abdominal and (7) pelvic cavities. Locate these cavities in Figure 2-6.

224
Q

2–48 Review Figure 2-6 to identify the largest cavity in the body that incorporates the abdomin/o/pelv/ic and thorac/ic cavities: / cavity

A

ventr/al VĔN-trăl

225
Q

2–49 Medical personnel locate a structure of interest by

A

referring to the body cavity in which it can be found.

226
Q

The thoracic cavity is located / to the abdominopelvic cavity.

A

super/ior soo-PĒ-rē-or

227
Q

The spinal cavity is located / to the cranial cavity.

A

infer/ior ĭn-FĒ-rē-or

228
Q

2–50 Because the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity is a large area and contains many organs, it is useful to divide it into smaller sections. One method divides the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity into ____________. A second method divides the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity into________

A

quadrants. regions. Physicians and other health care professionals use quadrants or regions as a point of reference.

229
Q

The larger division of the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity consists of

A

four quadrants: right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ). Locate these quadrants in Figure 2-7A.

230
Q

RUQ:

A

right upper quadrant

231
Q

LUQ:

A

left upper quadrant

232
Q

RLQ:

A

right lower quadrant

233
Q

LLQ:

A

left lower quadrant

234
Q

2–52 Quadrants are useful in

A

describing the location in the body where a surgical procedure will be performed. They are also useful in denoting incision sites or the location of abnormal masses, such as tumors.

235
Q

A tumor located in the right lower quadrant will most likely be denoted in the medical record with the abbreviation .

A

RLQ

236
Q

2–53 Quadrants may also describe the locations of the patients’ symptoms. The physician may pinpoint a patient’s abdominal pain in the RLQ. Such a finding could indicate a diagnosis of

A

appendicitis because the appendix is located in that quadrant. Pain in another quadrant, such as the LLQ, would indicate a different diagnosis.

237
Q

right lower quadrant: .

A

RLQ

238
Q

left lower quadrant: .

A

LLQ

239
Q

left upper quadrant,

A

LUQ

240
Q

2–54 Locate the quadrant that contains a major part of the stomach.

A

??

241
Q

This quadrant is the , and its abbreviation is .

A

??

242
Q

2–55 Larger sections of the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity are divided into

A

four quadrants,

243
Q

whereas the smaller sections are divided into

A

nine regions, each of which corresponds to a region near a specific point in the body. As with quadrants, body region designation can also describe the location of internal organs and the origin of pain. Review Figure 2-7B to see the location of various organs within these regions.

244
Q

hypo/chondr/iac hī-pō-KŎN-drē-ăk

A

??

245
Q

epi/gastr/ic ĕp-ĭ-GĂS-trĭk

A

??

246
Q

inguin/al ĬNG-gwĭ-năl

A

??

247
Q

lumb/ar LŬM-băr

A

??

248
Q

umbilic/al ŭm-BĬL-ĭ-kăl

A

??

249
Q

Combining Form

A

??

250
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage

251
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach

252
Q

inguin/o

A

groin

253
Q

lumb/o

A

loins (lower back)

254
Q

umbilic/o

A

umbilicus, navel

255
Q

*Although chondr/o means cartilage, hypo/chondr/iac also refers to the

A

right and left regions below the ribs.

256
Q

Use gastr/o to develop medical words that pertain to the area under or below the stomach: / / .

A

hypo/gastr/ic hī-pō-GĂS-trĭk

257
Q

Use gastr/o to develop medical words that pertain to the area above or on the stomach: / / .

A

epi/gastr/ic ĕp-ĭ-GĂS-trĭk

258
Q

Regions of the Abdomen

A

??

259
Q

2–58 The epi/gastr/ic region may be the location of

A

“heartburn” pain. Pain in this area could be symptomatic of many abnormal conditions, including indigestion or heart attack.

260
Q

The area of heartburn pain may be felt in the / / region.

A

epi/gastr/ic ĕp-ĭ-GĂS-trĭk

261
Q

2–59 The right and left hypo/chondr/iac regions are located on

A

each side of the epi/gastr/ic region and directly under the cartilage of the ribs.

262
Q

Identify the elements in hypo/chondr/iac that mean pertaining to: .

A

-iac

263
Q

Identify the elements in hypo/chondr/iac that mean under, below, deficient: .

A

hypo-

264
Q

Identify the elements in hypo/chondr/iac that mean cartilage: .

A

chondr

265
Q

2–60 The lumbar regions consist of the

A

middle right and middle left regions, located near the waistline of the body.

266
Q

The term lumb/ar means pertaining to the ( ).

A

loins ; (lower back)

267
Q

2–61 Combine lumb/o + abdomin + -al to form a term that means pertaining to the loins and abdomen.

A

lumb/o/abdomin/al lŭm-bō-ăb-DŎM-ĭ-năl

268
Q

2–62 The center of the umbilic/al region marks the point where the

A

umbilic/al cord of the mother enters the fetus. This point is called the navel or, in layman’s terms, the “belly button.”

269
Q

The region that lies between the right and left lumbar regions is designated as the / region.

A

umbilic/al ŭm-BĬL-ĭ-kăl

270
Q

2–63 The CF umbilic/o refers to the

A

umbilicus, or navel. The region that literally means pertaining to the navel is the / region.

271
Q

2–64 A hernia is a protrusion or projection of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it. A common type of hernia that may occur, particularly in males, is an inguin/al hernia. This hernia would be located in the right or left / region.

A

inguin/al ĬNG-gwĭ-năl

272
Q

2–65 Locate the right inguin/al region and the left inguin/al region in Figure 2-7B. A hernia on the right side of the groin is called a / .

A

right inguin/al hernia ĬNG-gwĭ-năl HĔR-nē-ă

273
Q

2–66 The area between the right and left inguin/al regions is called the hypo/gastr/ic (hī-pō-GĂS-trĭk) region. This region contains the

A

large intestine (colon), which is involved in the removal of solid waste from the body.

274
Q

Identify the name of the region below the stomach that literally means pertaining to below the stomach.

A

??

275
Q
  1. ________________ toward
A

Correct Answer : -ad

276
Q
  1. ________________ groin
A

Correct Answer : inguin/o

277
Q
  1. ________________ stomach
A

Correct Answer : gastr/o

278
Q
  1. ________________ pelvis
A

Correct Answer : pelv/o

279
Q
  1. ________________ cartilage
A

Correct Answer : chondr/o

280
Q
  1. ________________ above, on
A

Correct Answer : epi-

281
Q
  1. ________________ pertaining to
A

Correct Answer : -ac, -al, -ic, -ior

282
Q
  1. ________________ loins, (lower back)
A

Correct Answer : lumb/o

283
Q
  1. ________________ chest
A

Correct Answer : thorac/o

284
Q
  1. ________________ under, below, deficient
A

Correct Answer : hypo-

285
Q
  1. ________________ cranium (skull)
A

Correct Answer : crani/o

286
Q
  1. ________________ spine
A

Correct Answer : spin/o

287
Q
  1. ________________ umbilicus, navel
A

Correct Answer : umbilic/o

288
Q
  1. ________________ back (of body), behind, posterior
A

Correct Answer : poster/o

289
Q
  1. ________________ abdomen
A

Correct Answer : abdomin/o

290
Q

AP

A

anteroposterior

291
Q

Bx, bx

A

biopsy

292
Q

LAT, lat

A

lateral

293
Q

LLQ

A

left lower quadrant

294
Q

Radiology

A

?

295
Q

CT

A

computed tomography

296
Q

CXR

A

chest x-ray, chest radiograph

297
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

298
Q

adhesion ăd-HĒ-zhŭn

A

Band of scarlike tissue that forms between two surfaces inside the body and causes them to stick together; Adhesions develop when the body’s repair mechanisms respond to any tissue disturbance, such as surgery, infection, trauma, or radiation. Although adhesions can occur anywhere in the body, they form most commonly in the abdomen after abdominal surgery, inflammation, or injury (see Figure 2-8).

299
Q

edema ĕ-DĒ-mă

A

Swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues, or cavities of the body; Body parts swell from injury or inflammation. Edema can affect a small area or the entire body.

300
Q

pitting

A

Edema caused by fluid accumulation that may be demonstrated by applying pressure to the swollen area (e.g., by depressing the skin with a finger). (See Figure 2-9.)

301
Q

inflammation ĭn-flă-MĀ-shun

A

Protective response of body tissues to irritation, infection, or allergy; Signs of inflammation include redness, swelling, heat, and pain, commonly accompanied by loss of function.

302
Q

septicemia; sĕp-tĭ-SĒ-mē-ă

A

Systemic disease caused by infection with microorganisms and their toxins in circulating blood; also called sepsis and blood poisoning; If a patient becomes “septic,” he or she will likely have low blood pressure leading to poor circulation. Septicemia can develop as a result of the body’s own defense system or from toxic substances made by the infecting agent (e.g., a bacterium, virus, or fungus).

303
Q

septic:

A

infection

304
Q

-emia:

A

blood

305
Q

culture and sensitivity (C&S)

A

Laboratory test of a body fluid placed on a culture medium to identify the cause of an infection (usually a bacterium) and a sensitivity test that determines which antibiotic drug will work best to treat the infection; A C&S test may be done on many different body fluids, such as urine, mucus, blood, pus, saliva, spinal fluid, or discharge from the vagina or the penis.

306
Q

endoscopy ĕn-DŎS-kō-pē

A

visual examination ; Visual examination of the interior of organs and cavities with a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope; Endoscopy can also help obtain tissue samples for biopsy, perform surgery, and monitor the course of a disease, as in the assessment of the healing of gastric ulcers. The cavity or organ examined dictates the name of the endoscopic procedure, such as gastroscopy and bronchoscopy. Use of a camera and video recorder is common to provide a permanent record. (See Figure 2-10.)

307
Q

endo-:

A

in, within

308
Q

-scopy:

A

visual examination ; Visual examination of the interior of organs and cavities with a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope; Endoscopy can also help obtain tissue samples for biopsy, perform surgery, and monitor the course of a disease, as in the assessment of the healing of gastric ulcers. The cavity or organ examined dictates the name of the endoscopic procedure, such as gastroscopy and bronchoscopy. Use of a camera and video recorder is common to provide a permanent record. (See Figure 2-10.)

309
Q

fluoroscopy floo-or-ŎS-kō-pē

A

Radiographic procedure that uses a fluorescent screen instead of a photographic plate to produce a visual image from x-rays that pass through the patient, resulting in continuous imaging of the motion of internal structures and immediate serial images; Fluoroscopy is invaluable in diagnostic and clinical procedures. It permits the radiographer to observe organs, such as the digestive tract and heart, in motion. It is also used during intrauterine fetal transfusion, biopsy, nasogastric tube placement, and cardiac catheterization.

310
Q

fluor/o:

A

luminous, fluorescence

311
Q

-scopy:

A

visual examination

312
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) măg-NĔT-ĭc RĔZ-ĕn-ăns ĬM-ĭj-ĭng

A

Radiographic procedure that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body; MRI does not require a contrast medium; however, one may be used to enhance visualization of internal structures. (See Figure 2-11E.) MRI is considered superior to CT for most abnormalities of the central nervous system (particularly of the brainstem and spinal cord), the musculoskeletal system, and the pelvic area.

313
Q

nuclear scan NŪ-klē-ăr

A

Radiographic procedure that produces images of an organ or area of the body by introducing a radionuclide substance (tracer or radiopharmaceutical) that releases a low level of radiation; also called nuclear scanning, radionuclide imaging, and nuclear medicine scan. (See Figure 2-11C.); Nuclear scan uses a very small amount of radioactivity and is not known to cause harm.

314
Q

tomography tō-MŎG-ră-fē

A

Tomography is a valuable diagnostic tool for identifying space-occupying lesions, such as those found in the liver, brain, pancreas, and gallbladder. Types of tomography include PET (see Figure 2-11F), CT, and SPECT. Tomography in which a narrow beam of x-rays rotates in a full arc around the patient to acquire multiple views of the body, which a computer interprets to produce cross-sectional images of an internal organ or tissue; previously called computerized axial tomography (CAT)

315
Q

tom/o:

A

to cut, slice

316
Q

-graphy:

A

process of recording

317
Q

computed tomography (CT) cŏm-PŪ-tĕd tō-MŎG-ră-fē

A

Any of several radiographic procedures in which specialized machines produce a film representing a detailed cross section, or slice (cut), of an area, tissue, or organ; CT scans help detect tumor masses, accumulations of fluid, and bone displacements. CT may be performed with or without a contrast medium. (See Figures 2-11D and 2-12.)

318
Q

CT scans help detect

A

tumor masses, accumulations of fluid, and bone displacements. CT may be performed with or without a contrast medium. (See Figures 2-11D and 2-12.)

319
Q

ŭl-tră-sŏn-ŎG-ră-fē

A

Radiographic procedure in which a small transducer passed over the skin transmits high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) that bounce off body tissues and are then recorded to produce an image of an internal organ or tissue; also called ultrasound and echo. (See Figure 2-13.) In contrast to other imaging techniques, US does not use ionizing radiation (x-ray). It is used to evaluate fetal development; examine internal structures of the abdomen, brain, and heart; diagnose musculoskeletal disorders; and evaluate blood flow. (See Figure 2-11B.) The record produced by US is called a sonogram or echogram.

320
Q

ultra-:

A

excess, beyond

321
Q

son/o:

A

sound

322
Q

In contrast to other imaging techniques, US does not use

A

ionizing radiation (x-ray). It is used to evaluate fetal development; examine internal structures of the abdomen, brain, and heart; diagnose musculoskeletal disorders; and evaluate blood flow. (See Figure 2-11B.) The record produced by US is called a sonogram or echogram.

323
Q

Figure 2-13 Ultrasonogram of the bladder.

A

This bladder scan is performed at the bedside. It may be used instead of catheterization after the patient urinates to determine the amount of urine remaining in the bladder.

324
Q

x-ray

A

High-energy electromagnetic waves (x-rays) pass through the body onto a photographic film to produce an image of internal structures of the body for diagnosis and therapeutic purposes; also called radiograph; Soft body tissues, such as the stomach or liver, appear black or gray on the x-ray; dense body tissues, such as bone, appear white, making it useful in diagnosing fractures. Figure 2-11A is a chest radiograph showing widening of the mediastinum.

325
Q

Soft body tissues, such as the stomach or liver, appear

A

black or gray on the x-ray;

326
Q

ON X-RAY dense body tissues, such as bone, appear

A

white, making it useful in diagnosing fractures. Figure 2-11A is a chest radiograph showing widening of the mediastinum.

327
Q

Figure 2-14 Anastomosis. (3 WAYS TO DO IT)

A

(A) End-to-end anastomosis. (B) End-to-side anastomosis. (C) Side-to-side anastomosis.

328
Q

Connection between two vessels, such as the surgical joining of two ducts, blood vessels, or bowel segments, to allow flow from one to the other (See Figure 2-14.)

A

anastomosis ă-năs-tō-MŌ-sĭs

329
Q

Process of burning abnormal tissue with electricity, freezing, heat, or chemicals (silver nitrate)

A

cauterize KAW-tĕr-īz Cauterization is usually performed to destroy damaged or diseased tissues or coagulate blood vessels.

330
Q

Minor surgical procedure to release pus or pressure built up under the skin, such as from an abscess or boil

A

incision and drainage (I&D)

331
Q

LUQ

A

left upper quadrant

332
Q

PA

A

posteroanterior; pernicious anemia; pulmonary artery; physician assistant

333
Q

RLQ

A

right lower quadrant

334
Q

RUQ

A

right upper quadrant

335
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

336
Q

US

A

ultrasound; ultrasonography

337
Q

SPECT

A

single-photon emission computed tomography

338
Q

Correct Answer : PT* to the front (of the body, organ, or structure)

A

anter/ior WR S

339
Q
  1. cephal/ad
A

WR S ; Correct Answer : toward the head

340
Q
  1. crani/o/meter
A

crani/o/meter; CFS; Correct Answer : instrument for measuring the cranium (skull)

341
Q
  1. epi/gastr/ic
A

epi/gastr/ic PWRS Correct Answer : PT above the stomach

342
Q
  1. peri/umbilic/al
A

peri/umbilic/al PWRS PT around the umbilicus or navel

343
Q

Correct Answer : PT to the back side (of the body)

A

poster/o/later/al CFWRS

344
Q
  1. ______________ visual examination in or within (the body)
A

??

345
Q
  1. ______________ PT under or below the stomach
A

??

346
Q
  1. ______________ study of cells
A

??

347
Q
  1. ______________ PT the side or to one side
A

??

348
Q
  1. ______________ PT an infection
A

??

349
Q
  1. ______________ PT poison
A

??

350
Q
  1. ______________ toward the head
A

??

351
Q
  1. ______________ study of radiation or an x-ray
A

??

352
Q
  1. ______________ PT above or the upper part of a structure
A

??

353
Q
  1. ______________ also called horizontal plane
A

??

354
Q

What type of test is done to determine if a skin abnormality is benign or malignant?

A

biopsy

355
Q

2.Olivia washes her hands a lot, making her skin rough and dry. What is the medical term for this?

A

xeroderma

356
Q

3.Which of the following terms refers to a malignant tumor of melanocytes, which can be attributed to intense exposure to sunlight?

A

melanoma

357
Q

4.Which term contains the word root which means “fat” and indicates a benign tumor?

A

adipoma

358
Q

The condition in this scenario, sudoresis, is also known as:

A

hyperhidrosis.

359
Q

The sweat glands are found in this layer of the skin.

A

dermis

360
Q

What is the word root for the color black?

A

melan

361
Q

In the term sudoresis, what is the meaning of -esis?

A

condition

362
Q

What is the combining form for “red”?

A

erythr/o

363
Q

What type of prescription did Dr. Davis write for the eczema?

A

anit-inflammatory

364
Q

What is the term for redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries?

A

Eczema

365
Q

What did Dr. Davis see that led her to believe that the patient had been scratching her skin a lot?

A

Lesions

366
Q

The protective covering of the body

A

epidermis

367
Q

2.A black tumor

A

melanoma

368
Q

3.Pertaining to under, or below the skin

A

subcutaneous

369
Q

4.Hardening and thickening of the skin

A

scleroderma

370
Q

5.Abnormal condition caused by fungi

A

mycosis

371
Q

6.Softening of the nail

A

onychomalacia

372
Q

7.Disease of the skin

A

dermopathy

373
Q

8.Skin that is red

A

erythroderma

374
Q

9.Cell that is white

A

leukocyte

375
Q

10.An instrument used to incise or cut skin

A

dermatome

376
Q

11.Pertaining to below the skin

A

hypodermic

377
Q

12.Tumor containing yellow material

A

xanthoma

378
Q

13.Condition where nails become white, opaque, thickened and brittle

A

onychomycosis

379
Q

14.Inadequate perspiration

A

anhidrosis

380
Q

15.Treatment using cold

A

cryotherapy

381
Q

1.Movement away from the body

A

abduction

382
Q

2.Pertaining to the nearest point of attachment

A

proximal

383
Q

3.Toward the head

A

cephalad

384
Q

4.Pertaining to the groin

A

inguinal

385
Q

5.The study of cells

A

cytology

386
Q

6.Separation, destruction, or loosening of tissue

A

histolysis

387
Q

7.Pertaining to the side (one side)

A

lateral

388
Q

8.Instrument for measuring the pelvis

A

pelvimeter

389
Q

9.Pertaining to the lower back

A

lumbar

390
Q

10.Pertaining to nearest the point of attachment

A

proximal

391
Q

11.Pertaining to the skin

A

cutaneous

392
Q

12.Visual exam inside an organ or cavity using a lighted instrument

A

endoscopy

393
Q

13.Under or below the stomach

A

hypogastric

394
Q

14.Pertaining to the back and side of the body

A

posterolateral

395
Q

15.Toward the middle

A

mediad

396
Q

Imaginary flat surface used to identify sections of the body

A

plane

397
Q

5 .Toward the head

A

cephalad

398
Q

8 .Study of tissues

A

histology

399
Q

9 .Toward the middle (or center of the body)

A

mediad

400
Q

10 .Upper-middle abdominopelvic region

A

epigastric

401
Q

11 .Movement toward the median plane of the body

A

adduction

402
Q

12 .Each of the four areas of the abdominopelvic cavity

A

quadrants

403
Q

1 .Protective response of body tissues to irritation, infection, or allergy

A

inflammation

404
Q

3 .Destruction, dissolution, or separation of a cell

A

cytolysis

405
Q

4 .The control center of the cell and responsible for reproduction

A

nucleus

406
Q

6 .Pertaining to the front of the body

A

anterior

407
Q

7 .Body cavity composed of the cranial and spinal cavities

A

dorsal

408
Q

The smallest structural and functional unit of life

A

cell

409
Q

2.Complete living entity

A

organism

410
Q

3.Plane that divides the body into right and left halves

A

midsagittal

411
Q

4.Cavity that contains the heart and lungs

A

thoracic

412
Q

5.Quadrant containing the appendix

A

right lower

413
Q

6.Regions used to identify the location of underlying body structures and visceral organs

A

abdominopelvic

414
Q

7.Pertaining to the tail

A

caudal

415
Q

8.Tumor composed of cartilage

A

chondroma

416
Q

9.Specialist in the study of tissue

A

histologist

417
Q

10.Nearer to the center or the point of attachment

A

proximal

418
Q

Areas of tissue pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection

A

??

419
Q

7 .Layer of skin where new cells are formed

A

??

420
Q

10 .A system of categorizing tumor cells based on the degree of loss of cellular differentiation and function

A

??

421
Q

11 .Gland that cools the body by evaporation

A

??

422
Q

12 .Removal of foreign material and dead or damaged tissue,especially in a wound

A

??

423
Q

1 .Benign (not malignant) neoplasm in which the tumor cells form glands or glandlike structures

A

??

424
Q

2 .Anti-inflammatory agents that treat skin inflammation

A

??

425
Q

3 .Growth of hair in dermoid cyst or in a sinus opening on the skin

A

??

426
Q

5 .Layer of skin that binds the dermis to underlying structures

A

??

427
Q

6 .Outer layer of skin

A

??

428
Q

8 .A graft done with tissue transplanted from the patient’s own skin

A

??

429
Q

9 .Tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination

A

??

MAT 101 (27 decks)

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