Chapter 2 Flashcards
The levels of organization from the least to the most complex are the:
cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism
• cellular level,
the smallest structural and functional unit of the body.
• tissue level,
groups of cells that perform a specialized function.
• organ level,
groups of tissues that perform a specific function.
• system level,
groups of organs that are interconnected or that have similar or interrelated functions.
• organism level,
collection of body systems that makes up the most complex level—a living human being.
chondr/o
cartilage
-oma
tumor
chondr/oma (kŏn-DRŌ-mă □):
tumor composed of cartilage
cyt/o
cell
-meter
instrument for measuring
cyt/o/meter (sī-TŎM-ĕ-ter □):
instrument for counting and measuring cells
hist/o
tissue
-lysis
separation, destruction, loosening
hist/o/lysis (hĭs-TŎL-ĭ-sĭs □):
separation, destruction, or loosening of tissue
nucle/o
nucleus
ar
pertaining to
nucle/ar (NŪ-klē-ăr □):
pertaining to the nucleus
anter/o
anterior, front
ior
pertaining to
anter/ior (ăn-TĒ-rē-ōr □):
pertaining to the front (of the body, organ, or structure)
caud/o
tail
-ad
toward
caud/ad (KAW-dăd □):
toward the tail
dist/o
far, farthest
-al
pertaining to
dist/al (DĬS-tăl □):
pertaining to the farthest (point of attachment)
dors/o
back (of body)
dors/al (DŌR-săl □):
pertaining to the back (of the body)
infer/o
lower, below
infer/ior (ĭn-FĒ-rē-or □):
pertaining to below or lower (structure or surface)
later/o
side, to one side
later/al (LĂT-ĕr-ăl □):
pertaining to the side
medi/o
middle
medi/al (MĒ-dē-ăl □):
pertaining to the middle
poster/o
back (of body), behind, posterior
poster/ior (pŏs-TĒ-rē-or □):
pertaining to the back (of the body, organ, or structure)
proxim/o
near, nearest
proxim/al (PRŎK-sĭm-ăl □):
pertaining to the nearest (point of attachment)
super/o
upper, above
super/ior (soo-PĒ-rē-or □):
pertaining to above or upper (part of the body, organ, or structure)
ventr/o
belly, belly side
ventr/al (VĔN-trăl □):
pertaining to the belly side (front of the body)
medi/o-:
middle
-ad
toward
medi/ad (MĒ-dē-ăd □):
toward the middle or center
hist/o:
tissue
-logist
specialist in the study of
hist/o/logist (hĭs-TŎL-ō-jĭst □):
specialist in the study of tissue
cyt/o:
cell
-logy
study of
cyt/o/logy (sī-TŎL-ō-jē □):
study of cells
-lysis
separation; destruction; loosening
cyt/o/lysis (sī-TŎL-ĭ-sĭs □):
destruction, dissolution, or separation of a cell
Cells are the smallest
living units of structure and function in the human body.
Every tissue and organ in the body is composed of
cells.
The nucleus is the
control center of the cell and is responsible for reproduction. This spherical unit contains genetic codes for maintaining life systems of the organism and for issuing commands for growth and reproduction.
The combining form (CF) for nucleus is / .
nucle/o
Any chemical substance, such as a drug, that interferes with or destroys the cellular reproductive process in the nucleus is referred to as a
nucle/o/toxic substance. Examples of nucle/o/toxic drugs are those administered to patients with cancer during chemotherapy.
pertaining to poison:
-toxic
Recall that cyt/o and -cyte are used to form words that refer to a .
cell
A cyt/o/logist is usually a biologist who specializes in
the study of cells, especially one who uses cyt/o/log/ic techniques to diagnose neoplasms.
Using cyt/o, build a word that means study of cells: / / .
cyt/o/logy
Use cyt/o to form words that mean specialist in the study of cells
cyt/o/logist
Use cyt/o to form words that mean dissolution or destruction of a cell
cyt/o/lysis
At the tissue level, the structural organization of the human body consists of
groups of cells working together to carry out a specialized activity.
The medical scientist who specializes in the study of microscopic structures of tissues is called a
hist/o/logist.
The suffixes -ac, -al, -ar, -iac, -ic, and -ior are adjective endings that mean
pertaining to.These suffixes help describe position, direction, body divisions, and body structures.
Use the adjective ending -al to form words that mean pertaining to the back (of body):
dors/al
Use the adjective ending -al to form words that mean pertaining to side, to one side: later / .
later/al
Use the adjective ending -al to form words that mean pertaining to belly, belly side: ventr / .
ventr/al
list the 10 adjective suffixes that mean ‘pertaining to’
??
Four additional adjective suffixes meaning pertaining to
-ary, -eal, -ous, and -tic.
To guarantee consistency in descriptions of location, the anatomic/al position is a reference point to describe
the location or direction of a body structure.
In anatomic/al position, the body is
erect and the eyes are looking forward. The arms hang to the sides, with palms facing forward; the legs are parallel with the toes pointing straight ahead.
2–12 When a person is standing upright, facing forward, arms at his or her sides, palms facing forward, legs parallel, and feet slightly apart with the toes pointing forward, he or she is in the standard position called the / position.
anatomic/al; ăn-ă-TŎM-ĭk-ăl
front of the body: / and / .
anter/ior and ventr/al
back of the body: / and / .
poster/ior and dors/al
What position of the body do the terms anter/ior and ventr/al refer to?
front of the body
What position of the body do the terms poster/ior and dors/al refer to?
back of the body
The term poster/o/anter/ior (PA) refers to
the back and front of the body.
pertaining to back: .
pŏs-TĒ-rē-or
pertaining to front
ăn-TĒ-rē-or or
2–16 Directional terms are commonly used in radi/o/logy to describe
the direction of the x-ray beam from its source and then its point of exit.
A PA projection indicates that the path of the beam enters the body (See Figure 2-3.)
on the posterior side and exits anteriorly.
An anter/o/poster/ior (AP) projection indicates that
the path of the beam enters the body on the side and exits on the side.
The chest x-ray (CXR) helps diagnose conditions affecting the chest, its contents, and nearby structures. It can be taken in either the AP or the PA position. The abbreviation that means anter/o/poster/ior is
AP
The chest x-ray (CXR) helps diagnose conditions affecting the chest, its contents, and nearby structures. It can be taken in either the AP or the PA position. The abbreviation that means poster/o/anterior is .
PA
The stomach is located on the / side of the body.
anter/ior
The shoulder blades are located on the / side of the body.
poster/ior
Combine infer/o (lower, below) + -ior (pertaining to) to form a directional term that literally means pertaining to lower or below.
infer/ior
In medical terms, the prefix super- designates
an upper position. When you say “the head is superior to the stomach,” you mean it is located above the stomach.
When you say “the eyes are superior to the mouth,” you mean they are located the mouth.
above
The word element later/o means
side, to one side.
A radiographic projection that enters through the left or right side of the body is referred to as
a later/al projection.
The term later/al position refers to the (of the body).
side
Review the three basic rules for building medical words:
• Rule 1: The word root links a suffix that begins with a vowel.• Rule 2: The combining form (root + o) links a suffix that begins with a consonant.• Rule 3: The combining form (root + o) links a root to another root to form a compound word. (This rule holds true even if the next root begins with a vowel.)
radi/o/logy that specify the direction of the x-ray beam from its source to its exit surface before striking the film pertaining to the side or to one side (of the body): /.
LĂT-ĕr-ăl
radi/o/logy that specify the direction of the x-ray beam from its source to its exit surface before striking the film pertaining to the anterior, or front, and the side (of the body):
anter/o/later/al
radi/o/logy that specify the direction of the x-ray beam from its source to its exit surface before striking the film pertaining to the posterior, or back, and the side (of the body):
poster/o/later/al
The term medi/al describes
the midline of the body or a structure. The medi/al portion of the face contains the nose.
From the term medi/al, determine the root that means middle:
medi
From the term medi/al, determine the suffix that means pertaining to: .
al
The suffix for toward is .
-ad
The word root for middle is .
medi
Combine medi + -ad to form a word that means toward the middle. /
medi/ad
Anatomists use the term infer/ior to refer to
a body structure located below another body structure or the lower part of a structure. For example, your chin is situated infer/ior to your mouth. The rectum is the infer/ior portion of the colon.
To indicate that a structure is below another structure, use the directional term / .
infer/ior
To indicate the lower part of a structure, use the directional term / .
infer/ior
The legs are / to the trunk.
infer/ior
The eyes are / to the nose.
later/al
cephal/ad (SĔF-ă-lăd)
refers to the direction toward the head.
Anatomists and other health care professionals use the term super/ior to refer to
a body structure that is above another body structure or toward the head because the head is the most superior structure of the body.
When referring to the direction going toward the head, use the term / .
cephal/ad (SĔF-ă-lăd)
The chest is / to the stomach.
super/ior
The stomach is / to the lungs.
infer/ior
The head is / to the neck.
super/ior
The CF caud/o means
tail. In this sense, tail designates a position toward the end of the body, away from the head. In humans, it also refers to an infer/ior position in the body or within a structure.
Combine caud + -al to build a word that means pertaining to the tail. /
caud/al; KAWD-ăl
\The terms proxim/al and dist/al are
positional and directional terms.
Proxim/al describes a structure as being
nearest the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure.
Dist/al describes a structure as
being far from the point of attachment to the trunk or from the beginning of a structure.
nearest the point of attachment: / .
proxim/al
farthest from the point of attachment: / .
dist/al
The directional element proxim/o means
near or nearest the point of attachment;
To describe a structure nearest the point of attachment, use the directional term / .
proximal
To describe a structure as being farthest from the point of attachment, use the directional term / .
distal
The prefix ab- means
from, away from;
the suffix -duction means
act of leading, bringing, conducting.
ad/duction (ă)-DŬK-shŭn
movement away from the body.
Some directional terms, such as ab/duction and ad/duction, indicate
movement away from the body and movement toward the body.
The prefix ab- means
from, away from;
The prefix ad- means
toward
the suffix -duction means
act of leading, bringing, conducting.
The CF or suffix that matches its definition caud/o
- tail
The CF or suffix that matches its definition later/o
- side, to one side
The CF or suffix that matches its definition cyt/o
- cell
The CF or suffix that matches its definition medi/o
- middle
The CF or suffix that matches its definition dist/o
- far, farthest
The CF or suffix that matches its definition proxim/o
- near, nearest
The CF or suffix that matches its definition hist/o
- tissue
The CF or suffix that matches its definition ventr/o
- belly, belly side
The CF or suffix that matches its definition infer/o
- lower, below
The CF or suffix that matches its definition ‘-al, -ior
- pertaining to
The CF or suffix that matches its definition ‘logy
- study of
The CF or suffix that matches its definition ‘-toxic
- poison
The CF or suffix that matches its definition ‘-ad
- toward
The CF or suffix that matches its definition ‘-logist
- specialist in study of
The CF or suffix that matches its definition ‘-lysis
- separation; destruction; loosening
abdomin/o
abdomen
abdomin/al (ăb-DŎM-ĭ-năl □):
pertaining to the abdomen
cephal/o
head
cephal/ad (SĔF-ă-lăd □):
toward the head
cervic/o
neck; cervix uteri (neck of uterus)
cervic/al (SĔR-vĭ-kăl □):
pertaining to the neck of the body or the neck of the uterus
crani/o
cranium (skull)
crani/al (KRĀ-nē-ăl □):
pertaining to the cranium or skull
gastr/o
stomach
gastr/ic (GĂS-trĭk □):
pertaining to the stomach
ili/o
ilium (lateral, flaring portion of hip bone)
ili/ac (ĬL-ē-ăk □):
pertaining to the ilium
inguin/o
groin
inguin/al (ĬNG-gwĭ-năl □):
pertaining to the groin
lumb/o
loins (lower back)
lumb/ar (LŬM-băr □):
pertaining to the loin area or lower back
pelv/i*
pelvis
pelv/i/meter (pĕl-VĬM-ĕ-tĕr □):
instrument for measuring the pelvis
spin/o
spine
spin/al (SPÎ-năl □):
pertaining to the spine or spinal column
thorac/o
chest
thorac/ic (thō-RĂS-ĭk □):
pertaining to the chest
umbilic/o
umbilicus, navel
peri-:
around
peri/umbilic/al (pĕr-ē-ŭm-BĬL-ĭ-kăl □):
pertaining to the area around the umbilicus
- ili/ac
-ac: pertaining to; ilium: lateral, flaring portion of hip bone
- abdomin/al
-al: pertaining to; abdomen
- inguin/al
-al: pertaining to; groin
- spin/al
-al: pertaining to; spine
- peri/umbilic/al
-al: pertaining to; around; umbilicus, navel
- cephal/ad
-ad: toward; head
- gastr/ic
-ic: pertaining to; stomach
- thorac/ic
-ic: pertaining to; chest
- cervic/al
-al: pertaining to; neck, cervix uteri (neck of the uterus)
- lumb/ar
-ar: pertaining to; loins (lower back)
To visualize structural arrangements of various organs, the body may be sectioned (cut) according to planes of reference. The three major planes are the
frontal, median, and horizontal planes, as shown in Figure 2-5.
A body plane is an
imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections.
Different planes divide the body into different sections, such as
front and back, left side and right side, and top and bottom. These planes serve as points of reference for describing the direction from which the body is being observed. Planes are particularly useful to describe views in which radiographic images are taken.
An imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections is a .
body plane
The three major planes of the body
frontal (coronal); horizontal (transverse); median (midsagittal)
The median (midsagittal) plane lies
exactly in the middle of the body and divides the body into two equal halves. (See Figure 2-5.)
When the chest is divided into equal right and left sides, it is divided by the
median plane, also known as the midsagital plane.
2–35 When the lungs are divided into equal right and left sides, they are divided by the midsagittal plane, also known as the plane.
median plane
The horizontal (transverse) plane runs
across the body from the right side to the left side and divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions. Figure 2-5 shows the division of this plane.
The plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions is the horizontal plane. This plane is also called the plane.
transverse
Many different trans/verse planes exist at every possible level of the body, from head to foot. A trans/verse section is also called a
cross-sectional plane. Some radiographic imaging devices produce cross-sectional images.
Cross-sectioning of the body or of an organ along different planes results in
different views.
In radiography, the horizontal, or trans/verse, plane is also known as the plane.
cross-sectional plane.
A radi/o/graph of the liver along a trans/verse plane results in
a different view than a radiograph along the frontal plane. That is why a series of x-rays commonly includes different planes. Views along different planes result in a comprehensive image of a body structure.
instrument for recording: .
-graph
radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side): / .
??
through, across: .
trans-
turning: .
??
2–40 The frontal (coronal) plane is commonly used to take anter/o/poster/ior (AP) chest radiographs, indicating that
the x-ray beam enters the body on the anterior side and exits the body on the / side. The radiograph produced shows a view from the front of the chest toward the back (of the body).
2–41 In the previous frame, you learned that anter/o/poster/ior is used in radi/o/logy to describe the direction or path of an x-ray beam. The CF radi/o means
radiation; x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side).
The suffix -logy means .
?
2–42 Use radi/o to form a word that means study of radiation or x-rays:
radi/o/logy
Body Cavities
Body cavities are hollow spaces within the body that contain, protect, and support internal organs. The cavities are also used as a point of reference to locate body structures within the cavities.
There are four body cavities:
two dors/al cavities, which are located in the back (posterior) part of the body, and two ventr/al cavities, which are located in the front (anterior) part of the body. (See Figure 2-6.)
2–43 The thorac/ic and abdominal cavities are separated by
a muscular wall known as the diaphragm.
Because the abdominal and pelvic cavities are not separated by a wall, they are commonly referred
together as the abdominopelvic cavity. Review Figure 2-6 to study the location of the dors/al cavities.
2–44 The dors/al cavity is subdivided into the
(1) crani/al and (2) spin/al cavities.
The crani/al (KRĀ-nē-ăl) cavity is encased by
the skull and contains the brain;
the spin/al (SPĪ-năl) cavity contains the
spinal cord.
pertaining to the cranium (skull): / .
crani/al
pertaining to the spine: / .
spin/al
2–45 The (3) diaphragm is a
dome-shaped muscle that plays an important role in breathing. It separates the thorac/ic cavity from the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity. Locate the diaphragm in Figure 2-6.
Indicate the root that refers to the: pelvis: .
pelv
Indicate the root that refers to the: chest: .
thorac
Indicate the root that refers to the: abdomen: .
abdomin
2–47 The major body cavities of the trunk are the
thorac/ic and abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavities.
The (4) thoracic cavity contains the
heart and lungs,
the (5) abdominopelvic cavity contains the
digestive and reproductive organs.
The abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity contains, by far,
the greatest number of organs of any of the body cavities and is further subdivided into the (6) abdominal and (7) pelvic cavities. Locate these cavities in Figure 2-6.
2–48 Review Figure 2-6 to identify the largest cavity in the body that incorporates the abdomin/o/pelv/ic and thorac/ic cavities: / cavity
ventr/al VĔN-trăl
2–49 Medical personnel locate a structure of interest by
referring to the body cavity in which it can be found.
The thoracic cavity is located / to the abdominopelvic cavity.
super/ior soo-PĒ-rē-or
The spinal cavity is located / to the cranial cavity.
infer/ior ĭn-FĒ-rē-or
2–50 Because the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity is a large area and contains many organs, it is useful to divide it into smaller sections. One method divides the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity into ____________. A second method divides the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity into________
quadrants. regions. Physicians and other health care professionals use quadrants or regions as a point of reference.
The larger division of the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity consists of
four quadrants: right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ). Locate these quadrants in Figure 2-7A.
RUQ:
right upper quadrant
LUQ:
left upper quadrant
RLQ:
right lower quadrant
LLQ:
left lower quadrant
2–52 Quadrants are useful in
describing the location in the body where a surgical procedure will be performed. They are also useful in denoting incision sites or the location of abnormal masses, such as tumors.
A tumor located in the right lower quadrant will most likely be denoted in the medical record with the abbreviation .
RLQ
2–53 Quadrants may also describe the locations of the patients’ symptoms. The physician may pinpoint a patient’s abdominal pain in the RLQ. Such a finding could indicate a diagnosis of
appendicitis because the appendix is located in that quadrant. Pain in another quadrant, such as the LLQ, would indicate a different diagnosis.
right lower quadrant: .
RLQ
left lower quadrant: .
LLQ
left upper quadrant,
LUQ
2–54 Locate the quadrant that contains a major part of the stomach.
??
This quadrant is the , and its abbreviation is .
??
2–55 Larger sections of the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity are divided into
four quadrants,
whereas the smaller sections are divided into
nine regions, each of which corresponds to a region near a specific point in the body. As with quadrants, body region designation can also describe the location of internal organs and the origin of pain. Review Figure 2-7B to see the location of various organs within these regions.
hypo/chondr/iac hī-pō-KŎN-drē-ăk
??
epi/gastr/ic ĕp-ĭ-GĂS-trĭk
??
inguin/al ĬNG-gwĭ-năl
??
lumb/ar LŬM-băr
??
umbilic/al ŭm-BĬL-ĭ-kăl
??
Combining Form
??
chondr/o
cartilage
gastr/o
stomach
inguin/o
groin
lumb/o
loins (lower back)
umbilic/o
umbilicus, navel
*Although chondr/o means cartilage, hypo/chondr/iac also refers to the
right and left regions below the ribs.
Use gastr/o to develop medical words that pertain to the area under or below the stomach: / / .
hypo/gastr/ic hī-pō-GĂS-trĭk
Use gastr/o to develop medical words that pertain to the area above or on the stomach: / / .
epi/gastr/ic ĕp-ĭ-GĂS-trĭk
Regions of the Abdomen
??
2–58 The epi/gastr/ic region may be the location of
“heartburn” pain. Pain in this area could be symptomatic of many abnormal conditions, including indigestion or heart attack.
The area of heartburn pain may be felt in the / / region.
epi/gastr/ic ĕp-ĭ-GĂS-trĭk
2–59 The right and left hypo/chondr/iac regions are located on
each side of the epi/gastr/ic region and directly under the cartilage of the ribs.
Identify the elements in hypo/chondr/iac that mean pertaining to: .
-iac
Identify the elements in hypo/chondr/iac that mean under, below, deficient: .
hypo-
Identify the elements in hypo/chondr/iac that mean cartilage: .
chondr
2–60 The lumbar regions consist of the
middle right and middle left regions, located near the waistline of the body.
The term lumb/ar means pertaining to the ( ).
loins ; (lower back)
2–61 Combine lumb/o + abdomin + -al to form a term that means pertaining to the loins and abdomen.
lumb/o/abdomin/al lŭm-bō-ăb-DŎM-ĭ-năl
2–62 The center of the umbilic/al region marks the point where the
umbilic/al cord of the mother enters the fetus. This point is called the navel or, in layman’s terms, the “belly button.”
The region that lies between the right and left lumbar regions is designated as the / region.
umbilic/al ŭm-BĬL-ĭ-kăl
2–63 The CF umbilic/o refers to the
umbilicus, or navel. The region that literally means pertaining to the navel is the / region.
2–64 A hernia is a protrusion or projection of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it. A common type of hernia that may occur, particularly in males, is an inguin/al hernia. This hernia would be located in the right or left / region.
inguin/al ĬNG-gwĭ-năl
2–65 Locate the right inguin/al region and the left inguin/al region in Figure 2-7B. A hernia on the right side of the groin is called a / .
right inguin/al hernia ĬNG-gwĭ-năl HĔR-nē-ă
2–66 The area between the right and left inguin/al regions is called the hypo/gastr/ic (hī-pō-GĂS-trĭk) region. This region contains the
large intestine (colon), which is involved in the removal of solid waste from the body.
Identify the name of the region below the stomach that literally means pertaining to below the stomach.
??
- ________________ toward
Correct Answer : -ad
- ________________ groin
Correct Answer : inguin/o
- ________________ stomach
Correct Answer : gastr/o
- ________________ pelvis
Correct Answer : pelv/o
- ________________ cartilage
Correct Answer : chondr/o
- ________________ above, on
Correct Answer : epi-
- ________________ pertaining to
Correct Answer : -ac, -al, -ic, -ior
- ________________ loins, (lower back)
Correct Answer : lumb/o
- ________________ chest
Correct Answer : thorac/o
- ________________ under, below, deficient
Correct Answer : hypo-
- ________________ cranium (skull)
Correct Answer : crani/o
- ________________ spine
Correct Answer : spin/o
- ________________ umbilicus, navel
Correct Answer : umbilic/o
- ________________ back (of body), behind, posterior
Correct Answer : poster/o
- ________________ abdomen
Correct Answer : abdomin/o
AP
anteroposterior
Bx, bx
biopsy
LAT, lat
lateral
LLQ
left lower quadrant
Radiology
?
CT
computed tomography
CXR
chest x-ray, chest radiograph
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
adhesion ăd-HĒ-zhŭn
Band of scarlike tissue that forms between two surfaces inside the body and causes them to stick together; Adhesions develop when the body’s repair mechanisms respond to any tissue disturbance, such as surgery, infection, trauma, or radiation. Although adhesions can occur anywhere in the body, they form most commonly in the abdomen after abdominal surgery, inflammation, or injury (see Figure 2-8).
edema ĕ-DĒ-mă
Swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues, or cavities of the body; Body parts swell from injury or inflammation. Edema can affect a small area or the entire body.
pitting
Edema caused by fluid accumulation that may be demonstrated by applying pressure to the swollen area (e.g., by depressing the skin with a finger). (See Figure 2-9.)
inflammation ĭn-flă-MĀ-shun
Protective response of body tissues to irritation, infection, or allergy; Signs of inflammation include redness, swelling, heat, and pain, commonly accompanied by loss of function.
septicemia; sĕp-tĭ-SĒ-mē-ă
Systemic disease caused by infection with microorganisms and their toxins in circulating blood; also called sepsis and blood poisoning; If a patient becomes “septic,” he or she will likely have low blood pressure leading to poor circulation. Septicemia can develop as a result of the body’s own defense system or from toxic substances made by the infecting agent (e.g., a bacterium, virus, or fungus).
septic:
infection
-emia:
blood
culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Laboratory test of a body fluid placed on a culture medium to identify the cause of an infection (usually a bacterium) and a sensitivity test that determines which antibiotic drug will work best to treat the infection; A C&S test may be done on many different body fluids, such as urine, mucus, blood, pus, saliva, spinal fluid, or discharge from the vagina or the penis.
endoscopy ĕn-DŎS-kō-pē
visual examination ; Visual examination of the interior of organs and cavities with a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope; Endoscopy can also help obtain tissue samples for biopsy, perform surgery, and monitor the course of a disease, as in the assessment of the healing of gastric ulcers. The cavity or organ examined dictates the name of the endoscopic procedure, such as gastroscopy and bronchoscopy. Use of a camera and video recorder is common to provide a permanent record. (See Figure 2-10.)
endo-:
in, within
-scopy:
visual examination ; Visual examination of the interior of organs and cavities with a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope; Endoscopy can also help obtain tissue samples for biopsy, perform surgery, and monitor the course of a disease, as in the assessment of the healing of gastric ulcers. The cavity or organ examined dictates the name of the endoscopic procedure, such as gastroscopy and bronchoscopy. Use of a camera and video recorder is common to provide a permanent record. (See Figure 2-10.)
fluoroscopy floo-or-ŎS-kō-pē
Radiographic procedure that uses a fluorescent screen instead of a photographic plate to produce a visual image from x-rays that pass through the patient, resulting in continuous imaging of the motion of internal structures and immediate serial images; Fluoroscopy is invaluable in diagnostic and clinical procedures. It permits the radiographer to observe organs, such as the digestive tract and heart, in motion. It is also used during intrauterine fetal transfusion, biopsy, nasogastric tube placement, and cardiac catheterization.
fluor/o:
luminous, fluorescence
-scopy:
visual examination
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) măg-NĔT-ĭc RĔZ-ĕn-ăns ĬM-ĭj-ĭng
Radiographic procedure that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body; MRI does not require a contrast medium; however, one may be used to enhance visualization of internal structures. (See Figure 2-11E.) MRI is considered superior to CT for most abnormalities of the central nervous system (particularly of the brainstem and spinal cord), the musculoskeletal system, and the pelvic area.
nuclear scan NŪ-klē-ăr
Radiographic procedure that produces images of an organ or area of the body by introducing a radionuclide substance (tracer or radiopharmaceutical) that releases a low level of radiation; also called nuclear scanning, radionuclide imaging, and nuclear medicine scan. (See Figure 2-11C.); Nuclear scan uses a very small amount of radioactivity and is not known to cause harm.
tomography tō-MŎG-ră-fē
Tomography is a valuable diagnostic tool for identifying space-occupying lesions, such as those found in the liver, brain, pancreas, and gallbladder. Types of tomography include PET (see Figure 2-11F), CT, and SPECT. Tomography in which a narrow beam of x-rays rotates in a full arc around the patient to acquire multiple views of the body, which a computer interprets to produce cross-sectional images of an internal organ or tissue; previously called computerized axial tomography (CAT)
tom/o:
to cut, slice
-graphy:
process of recording
computed tomography (CT) cŏm-PŪ-tĕd tō-MŎG-ră-fē
Any of several radiographic procedures in which specialized machines produce a film representing a detailed cross section, or slice (cut), of an area, tissue, or organ; CT scans help detect tumor masses, accumulations of fluid, and bone displacements. CT may be performed with or without a contrast medium. (See Figures 2-11D and 2-12.)
CT scans help detect
tumor masses, accumulations of fluid, and bone displacements. CT may be performed with or without a contrast medium. (See Figures 2-11D and 2-12.)
ŭl-tră-sŏn-ŎG-ră-fē
Radiographic procedure in which a small transducer passed over the skin transmits high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) that bounce off body tissues and are then recorded to produce an image of an internal organ or tissue; also called ultrasound and echo. (See Figure 2-13.) In contrast to other imaging techniques, US does not use ionizing radiation (x-ray). It is used to evaluate fetal development; examine internal structures of the abdomen, brain, and heart; diagnose musculoskeletal disorders; and evaluate blood flow. (See Figure 2-11B.) The record produced by US is called a sonogram or echogram.
ultra-:
excess, beyond
son/o:
sound
In contrast to other imaging techniques, US does not use
ionizing radiation (x-ray). It is used to evaluate fetal development; examine internal structures of the abdomen, brain, and heart; diagnose musculoskeletal disorders; and evaluate blood flow. (See Figure 2-11B.) The record produced by US is called a sonogram or echogram.
Figure 2-13 Ultrasonogram of the bladder.
This bladder scan is performed at the bedside. It may be used instead of catheterization after the patient urinates to determine the amount of urine remaining in the bladder.
x-ray
High-energy electromagnetic waves (x-rays) pass through the body onto a photographic film to produce an image of internal structures of the body for diagnosis and therapeutic purposes; also called radiograph; Soft body tissues, such as the stomach or liver, appear black or gray on the x-ray; dense body tissues, such as bone, appear white, making it useful in diagnosing fractures. Figure 2-11A is a chest radiograph showing widening of the mediastinum.
Soft body tissues, such as the stomach or liver, appear
black or gray on the x-ray;
ON X-RAY dense body tissues, such as bone, appear
white, making it useful in diagnosing fractures. Figure 2-11A is a chest radiograph showing widening of the mediastinum.
Figure 2-14 Anastomosis. (3 WAYS TO DO IT)
(A) End-to-end anastomosis. (B) End-to-side anastomosis. (C) Side-to-side anastomosis.
Connection between two vessels, such as the surgical joining of two ducts, blood vessels, or bowel segments, to allow flow from one to the other (See Figure 2-14.)
anastomosis ă-năs-tō-MŌ-sĭs
Process of burning abnormal tissue with electricity, freezing, heat, or chemicals (silver nitrate)
cauterize KAW-tĕr-īz Cauterization is usually performed to destroy damaged or diseased tissues or coagulate blood vessels.
Minor surgical procedure to release pus or pressure built up under the skin, such as from an abscess or boil
incision and drainage (I&D)
LUQ
left upper quadrant
PA
posteroanterior; pernicious anemia; pulmonary artery; physician assistant
RLQ
right lower quadrant
RUQ
right upper quadrant
PET
positron emission tomography
US
ultrasound; ultrasonography
SPECT
single-photon emission computed tomography
Correct Answer : PT* to the front (of the body, organ, or structure)
anter/ior WR S
- cephal/ad
WR S ; Correct Answer : toward the head
- crani/o/meter
crani/o/meter; CFS; Correct Answer : instrument for measuring the cranium (skull)
- epi/gastr/ic
epi/gastr/ic PWRS Correct Answer : PT above the stomach
- peri/umbilic/al
peri/umbilic/al PWRS PT around the umbilicus or navel
Correct Answer : PT to the back side (of the body)
poster/o/later/al CFWRS
- ______________ visual examination in or within (the body)
??
- ______________ PT under or below the stomach
??
- ______________ study of cells
??
- ______________ PT the side or to one side
??
- ______________ PT an infection
??
- ______________ PT poison
??
- ______________ toward the head
??
- ______________ study of radiation or an x-ray
??
- ______________ PT above or the upper part of a structure
??
- ______________ also called horizontal plane
??
What type of test is done to determine if a skin abnormality is benign or malignant?
biopsy
2.Olivia washes her hands a lot, making her skin rough and dry. What is the medical term for this?
xeroderma
3.Which of the following terms refers to a malignant tumor of melanocytes, which can be attributed to intense exposure to sunlight?
melanoma
4.Which term contains the word root which means “fat” and indicates a benign tumor?
adipoma
The condition in this scenario, sudoresis, is also known as:
hyperhidrosis.
The sweat glands are found in this layer of the skin.
dermis
What is the word root for the color black?
melan
In the term sudoresis, what is the meaning of -esis?
condition
What is the combining form for “red”?
erythr/o
What type of prescription did Dr. Davis write for the eczema?
anit-inflammatory
What is the term for redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries?
Eczema
What did Dr. Davis see that led her to believe that the patient had been scratching her skin a lot?
Lesions
The protective covering of the body
epidermis
2.A black tumor
melanoma
3.Pertaining to under, or below the skin
subcutaneous
4.Hardening and thickening of the skin
scleroderma
5.Abnormal condition caused by fungi
mycosis
6.Softening of the nail
onychomalacia
7.Disease of the skin
dermopathy
8.Skin that is red
erythroderma
9.Cell that is white
leukocyte
10.An instrument used to incise or cut skin
dermatome
11.Pertaining to below the skin
hypodermic
12.Tumor containing yellow material
xanthoma
13.Condition where nails become white, opaque, thickened and brittle
onychomycosis
14.Inadequate perspiration
anhidrosis
15.Treatment using cold
cryotherapy
1.Movement away from the body
abduction
2.Pertaining to the nearest point of attachment
proximal
3.Toward the head
cephalad
4.Pertaining to the groin
inguinal
5.The study of cells
cytology
6.Separation, destruction, or loosening of tissue
histolysis
7.Pertaining to the side (one side)
lateral
8.Instrument for measuring the pelvis
pelvimeter
9.Pertaining to the lower back
lumbar
10.Pertaining to nearest the point of attachment
proximal
11.Pertaining to the skin
cutaneous
12.Visual exam inside an organ or cavity using a lighted instrument
endoscopy
13.Under or below the stomach
hypogastric
14.Pertaining to the back and side of the body
posterolateral
15.Toward the middle
mediad
Imaginary flat surface used to identify sections of the body
plane
5 .Toward the head
cephalad
8 .Study of tissues
histology
9 .Toward the middle (or center of the body)
mediad
10 .Upper-middle abdominopelvic region
epigastric
11 .Movement toward the median plane of the body
adduction
12 .Each of the four areas of the abdominopelvic cavity
quadrants
1 .Protective response of body tissues to irritation, infection, or allergy
inflammation
3 .Destruction, dissolution, or separation of a cell
cytolysis
4 .The control center of the cell and responsible for reproduction
nucleus
6 .Pertaining to the front of the body
anterior
7 .Body cavity composed of the cranial and spinal cavities
dorsal
The smallest structural and functional unit of life
cell
2.Complete living entity
organism
3.Plane that divides the body into right and left halves
midsagittal
4.Cavity that contains the heart and lungs
thoracic
5.Quadrant containing the appendix
right lower
6.Regions used to identify the location of underlying body structures and visceral organs
abdominopelvic
7.Pertaining to the tail
caudal
8.Tumor composed of cartilage
chondroma
9.Specialist in the study of tissue
histologist
10.Nearer to the center or the point of attachment
proximal
Areas of tissue pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection
??
7 .Layer of skin where new cells are formed
??
10 .A system of categorizing tumor cells based on the degree of loss of cellular differentiation and function
??
11 .Gland that cools the body by evaporation
??
12 .Removal of foreign material and dead or damaged tissue,especially in a wound
??
1 .Benign (not malignant) neoplasm in which the tumor cells form glands or glandlike structures
??
2 .Anti-inflammatory agents that treat skin inflammation
??
3 .Growth of hair in dermoid cyst or in a sinus opening on the skin
??
5 .Layer of skin that binds the dermis to underlying structures
??
6 .Outer layer of skin
??
8 .A graft done with tissue transplanted from the patient’s own skin
??
9 .Tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination
??
