Chapter 1 - 3 from Presentations Flashcards
1
Q
1.gastr/itis:
A
1.inflammation of the stomach
2
Q
2.oste/o/arthr/itis:
A
2.inflammation of the bone and joint
3
Q
3.poly/neur/itis:
A
3.inflammation of many nerves
4
Q
4.append/ectomy:
A
4.excision of the appendix
5
Q
5.gastr/ectomy:
A
5.excision of the stomach (either complete or partial)
6
Q
mast/ectomy:
A
6.excision of a breast
7
Q
Determine which of the three rules for building medical words applies to the following terms. arthr/it is
A
1.Rule 1: A root links a suffix that begins with a vowel.
8
Q
Determine which of the three rules for building medical words applies to the following terms. gastr/o/intestin/al
A
2.Rule 3: A C F links a root to another root to form a compound word; a root links a suffix that begins with a vowel.
9
Q
Determine which of the three rules for building medical words applies to the following terms. hepat/o/cyte
A
3.Rule 2: A C F links a suffix that begins with a consonant.
10
Q
1.-itis:
A
1.inflammation
11
Q
2.-ectomy:
A
2.excision, removal
12
Q
3.-megaly:
A
3.enlargement
13
Q
4.-scopy:
A
4.visual examination
14
Q
§Use –itis to build medical words that mean inflammation of the stomach:
A
5.gastr/itis
15
Q
§Use –itis to build medical words that mean inflammation of the liver:
A
6.hepat/itis
16
Q
§Use –itis to build medical words that mean inflammation of the pancreas:
A
7.pancreat/itis
17
Q
§Use –itis to build medical words that mean inflammation of the appendix:
A
8.appendic/itis
18
Q
§Use –itis to build medical words that mean inflammation of the spleen:
A
9.splen/itis
19
Q
§Use –itis to build medical words that mean inflammation of the gallbladder:
A
cholecyst/itis
20
Q
Define the surgical procedure called arthr/o/centesis:
A
§surgical puncture of a joint
21
Q
Suffixes associated with surgical procedures:
A
§arthr/o/desis
22
Q
Suffixes associated with surgical procedures:
A
§thromb/o/lysis
23
Q
Suffixes associated with surgical procedures:
A
§mast/o/pexy
24
Q
Suffixes associated with surgical procedures:
A
§trache/o/stomy
25
Suffixes associated with surgical procedures:
trache/o/tomy
26
Define the surgical procedure called trache/o/stomy:
forming an opening (mouth) into the trachea
27
1.excision, removal:
1.-ectomy
28
2.surgical puncture:
2.-centesis
29
3.crushing:
3.-tripsy
30
4.separation; destruction; loosening:
-lysis
31
5. incision:
5.-tomy
32
6. fixation (of an organ):
6.-pexy
33
7. suture:
7.-rrhaphy
34
surgical repair:
-plasty
35
9.forming an opening (mouth):
9.-stomy
36
10. binding, fixation (of a bone or joint):
10. -desis
37
11. instrument to cut:
-tome
38
1.instrument for examining:
1.-scope
39
2.visual examination:
2.-scopy
40
3.instrument for recording:
3.-graph
41
4.process of recording:
-graphy
42
5.instrument for measuring:
5.-meter
43
6.act of measuring:
6.-metry
44
7.record, writing:
-gram
45
1.pain:
1.-algia, -dynia
46
2.formation, growth:
2.-plasia, -plasm
47
3.forming, producing, origin:
3.-gen, -genesis
48
4.bursting forth (of):
4.-rrhage, -rrhagia
49
5.swelling:
5.-edema
50
6.hernia, swelling:
6.-cele
51
7.stone, calculus:
7.-lith
52
8.abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells):
-osis
53
9.involuntary contraction, twitching:
9. -spasm
54
10. narrowing, stricture:
10. -stenosis
55
11. discharge, flow:
11. -rrhea
56
12. disease:
-pathy
57
13. inflammation:
13.-itis
58
14. tumor:
14. -oma
59
15. rupture:
15. -rrhexis
60
paralysis:
16. -plegia
61
17.dilation, expansion:
17.-ectasis
62
18. vomiting:
18. -emesis
63
19. blood condition:
19. -emia
64
20.abnormal condition (produced by something specified):
-iasis
65
1.Adjective suffixes -ac, -al, -ar, -ary, -ic, -ile, and -ous mean:
1.pertaining to
66
2.Noun suffixes -esis, -ia, and -ism mean:
2.condition
67
3.Noun suffixes -ician and -ist mean:
3.specialist
68
4.Noun suffix -iatry means:
4.medicine; treatment
69
1.thrombi - change to singular
1.thrombus:
70
2.ova - change to singular
2.ovum:
71
3.fungi - change to singular
3.fungus:
72
diagnoses - change to singular
diagnosis:
73
1.dipl-, diplo-:
1.double
74
2.macro-:
2.large
75
3.homo-, homeo-:
3.same
76
4.mono-, uni-:
one
77
5.micro:
5.small
78
6.circum-:
6.peri-, around
79
7.a-, an-:
7.without, not
80
super-:
upper, above
81
9.post:
9. after, behind
82
10. pre-, pro-:
10. before, in front
83
11. primi-:
11. first
84
dia-, trans-:
through, across
85
Organizational Levels
cell; tissue; organ; system; organism
86
§Cellular level
•Smallest structural and functional unit of the body.
87
Directional Terms
§Anterior/Posterior §Inferior/Superior §Proximal/Distal §Cephalad/Caudad §Ventral/Dorsal Lateral/Medial
88
Three major planes of reference:
§Median (midsagittal) §Frontal (coronal) §Horizontal (transverse)
89
Body Cavities
Protect, separate, and support internal organs
90
Body Cavities 2 main
Dorsal ( posterior) and ventral (anterior)
91
•Dorsal (posterior) contains what 2 cavities
cranial and spinal
92
Ventral (anterior) contains what 3 cavities
thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
93
Quadrants
locate specific sites of abdominal organs
94
4 Quadrants
RUQ; LUQ; RLQ; LLQ
95
RUQ
RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT
96
LUQ
LEFT UPPER QUADRANT
97
RLQ
RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT
98
LLQ
LEFT LOWER QUADRANT
99
Nine Regions
Used to locate organs, origin of pain, and pathologies
100
Nine Regions -LIST
•Right hypochondriac Epigastric Left hypochondriac Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar Right inguinal Hypogastric Left inguinal
101
Abdominal pelvic regions. Used clinically to
cite or locate organs or abnormalities within the regions.
102
1.Define and describe the smallest living structures in the human body.
1.The smallest living structures of the human body are cells. Every tissue or organ is composed of cells.
103
2.Multiple organs working together form the (tissue, system, organism) level of functioning.
2.system
104
3.The liver is located in the abdominopelvic region known as the (right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right inguinal) region.
3.right hypochondriac
105
4.The body is divided into an upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portion by the (median, frontal, horizontal) plane.
4.horizontal
106
•side, to one side:
•later/al
107
•back (of body):
•dors/al or poster/ior
108
•belly, belly side:
•ventr/al
109
lying horizontally on the back, face up:
supine
110
R U Q:
right upper quadrant
111
L U Q:
left upper quadrant
112
R L Q:
right lower quadrant
113
L L Q:
left lower quadrant
114
1.chondr/o:
1.cartilage
115
2.cyt/o:
2.cell
116
3.hist/o:
3.tissue
117
nucle/o:
nucleus
118
5.super/o:
5.upper, above
119
6.infer/o:
6.lower, below
120
7.later/o:
7.side, to one side
121
anter/o:
8.anterior, front
122
9.poster/o:
9.back (of body), behind, posterior
123
10.medi/o:
10.middle
124
11.ventr/o:
11.belly, belly side
125
12.caud/o:
tail
126
13.cephal/o:
13.head
127
14.cervic/o:
14.neck; cervix uteri (neck of uterus)
128
15.gastr/o:
15.stomach
129
thorac/o:
chest
130
17.around the umbilicus (navel):
17.umbilic/al
131
18.above the stomach:
18.epigastr/ic
132
19.beneath the umbilicus:
19.hypo/gastr/ic
133
20.on left lower side near the groin (ileus):
20.left inguin/al
134
on right middle side near the waist:
right lumb/ar
135
22.instrument to measure cells:
22.cyt/o/meter
136
23.toward the middle:
23.medi/ad
137
24.separation, destruction, or loosening of tissue:
24.hist/o/lysis
138
25.pertaining to the chest:
thorac/ic
139
26.pertaining to the neck:
26.cervic/al
140
27.pertaining to the area around the umbilicus:
27.peri/umbilic/al
141
28.instrument to measure the cranium (skull):
28.crani/o/meter
142
29.tumor composed of cartilage:
29.chondr/oma
143
30.inflammation of the stomach:
gastr/itis
144
1.adhesion:
1.band of scar tissue binding anatomical surfaces that are normally separate from each other
145
2.anastomosis:
2.connection between two vessels; surgical joining of two ducts or vessels to allow flow from one to the other
146
cauterization:
3.process of burning abnormal tissue with electricity, freezing, heat, or chemicals (silver nitrate)
147
4.inflammation:
4.protective response of body tissues to irritation, infection, or allergy
148
5.sepsis:
5.body’s inflammatory response to infection, in which there is fever, elevated heart and respiratory rates, and low blood pressure
149
ultrasonography:
6.imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound (ultrasound) waves that bounce off body tissues and are recorded to produce an image of an internal organ or tissue
150
Endoscopy
§Visual examination of an organ or cavity with an endoscope.
151
Endoscopy Instrument and procedure name from
organ or cavity examined.
152
Endoscopy Used for
biopsy, coagulation, and fluid aspiration.
153
Gastroscopy.
Visual examination of stomach with a fiberoptic scope passed through the mouth to the stomach and upper digestive tract.
154
Radiography (x-ray)
§Ionizing radiation waves (x-rays) pass through the body onto a photographic film to produce an image of internal structures.
155
Radiopaque dye may be required for
radiography of soft tissue.
156
Chest x-ray of mediastinum indicating enlargement in suspected lymphoma
INSERT IMAGE
157
Magnetic resonance imaging (M R I)
§Radiographic procedure that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body. §Exceptional detail of soft tissues.
158
M R I scan of midsagittal section of head, showing extreme clarity of soft tissue.
INSERT IMAGE
159
Ultrasonography (U S)
§Ultra-high-frequency sound waves emitted by a transducer or probe to produce an image of a body structure on a computer screen.
160
Basic components of a U S device
INSERT IMAGE
161
Handheld U S transducer emits sound waves as it is moved back and forth over the organ or structure examined
Ultrasonography
162
•Optimized sound transmission from using gel placed on the skin.
Ultrasonography
163
•Possible to place U S probes inside a body cavity.
Ultrasonography
164
Ultrasound of urinary bladder to determine volume of urine contained in the bladder.
INSERT IMAGE
165
Computed tomography (C T)
•Narrow beam of x-rays that rotates in a full arc around the patient. §Acquires multiple views of the body, which are interpreted by a computer.
166
C T scan with motorized table (A) and computer (B).
INSERT IMAGE
167
Positron emission tomography (P E T)
§Radioactive chemical (tracer) is introduced into the body. §Tracer accumulates in the most rapidly metabolizing tissues.
168
P E T scan of brain in transverse section (frontal lobes top).
INSERT IMAGE
169
§Positively charged particles (positrons) emitted in a body region and detected by a device called a gamma camera to produce an image.
P E T
170
§Identification of areas of higher and decreased metabolic activity.
P E T
171
Areas of increased metabolism possibly indicating
A TUMOR
172
Areas of decreased metabolism possibly indicating
Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, or epilepsy.
173
1.visual examination within (an organ): /scopy
1.endo/scopy
174
2.process of recording (images using frequencies) beyond sound: ultra/ /o/graphy
2.ultra/son/o/graphy
175
3.instrument for examining the stomach: gastr/ /scope
3.gastr/o/scope
176
4.instrument to examine within (the body): endo/
4.endo/scope
177
5.process of recording cuts (slices of organs or tissues): tom/o/
5.tom/o/graphy
178
6.specialist in the study of cells: / /logist
6.cyt/o/logist
179
7.study of blood: hemat/o/
7.hemat/o/logy
180
8.instrument for measuring heat: ___/o/____
8.therm/o/meter
181
9.specialist in the study of x-rays: radi/o/____
9.radi/o/logist
182
10. study of stomach disorders: /o/_____
10.gastr/o/logy
183
Anastomosis
§Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to the other.
184
Cauterization
§Process of burning abnormal tissue with electricity, freezing, heat, or chemicals (silver nitrate). §Usually performed to destroy damaged or diseased tissues or coagulate blood vessels.
185
1.Mr. R. is scheduled for removal of a wart on his elbow. The doctor explains that he will numb the elbow and then freeze the wart, which will then scab and fall off. The doctor records the procedure in the medical record as (cauterization, dissection, suturing).
1.cauterization
186
Mr. R.’s saphenous vein is excised and used to bypass an occlusion in one of his heart vessels. Surgery that joins two vessels to allow the free flow of blood between them is called
2.anastomosis
187
Epidermis
§Stratum corneum §Basal layer
188
Dermis (corium)
§Subcutaneous tissue •Binds dermis to underlying structures.
189
Accessory organs
§Sebaceous (oil) glands §Sudoriferous (sweat) glands §Hair Nails
190
Function OF EPIDERMIS
§Covers and protects the body from pathogens and other harmful substances.
191
§Sweat and oil glands produce
secretions.
192
§Contains an intricate network of sensory receptors.
EPIDERMIS
193
§Regulates body temperature, pain, and pressure.
EPIDERMIS
194
§Synthesizes vitamin D.
EPIDERMIS
195
§Melanocytes produced in basal layer give
color to the skin.
196
1.What does the term integument mean?
1.Integument refers to the skin.
197
2.What are the accessory structures of the skin?
2.Hair, nails, and glands (sweat and oil)
198
3.What are the functions of the subcutaneous layer of tissue?
3.Binds the dermis to underlying structures; stores fat, insulates and cushions the body, and regulates temperature.
199
4.In the basal layer, what specialized cells protect the skin from the damaging effects of the sun?
4.Melanocytes, which produce melanin
200
5.Which accessory organs produce oil?
5.Sebaceous glands
201
6.List the sensations provided by the skin.
6.The skin provides nerve endings that sense heat, cold, pressure, and touch.
202
1.cutane/o, dermat/o, derm/o:
1.skin
203
2.adip/o, lip/o, steat/o:
2.fat
204
3.hidr/o, sudor/o:
3.sweat
205
ichthy/o:
dry, scaly
206
5.cyan/o:
5.blue
207
6.melan/o:
6.black
208
7.kerat/o:
7.horny tissue; hard; cornea
209
myc/o:
8.fungus (plural, fungi)
210
9.onych/o:
9.nail
211
10. pil/o, trich/o:
10. hair
212
11. scler/o:
11. hardening; sclera (white of eye)
213
seb/o:
12. sebum, sebaceous
214
13. squam/o:
13.scale
215
14. leuk/o:
14. white
216
15. erythr/o:
red
217
1.-derma:
1.skin
218
2.-oid:
2.resembling
219
3.-phoresis:
3.carrying, transmission
220
-plasty:
surgical repair
221
1.softening of the nail(s): onych/o/
1.onych/o/malacia
222
2.treatment with cold:
2.cry/o/therapy
223
3.discharge or flow of sebum:
3.seb/o/rrhea
224
4.pertaining to under the skin: sub/
sub/cutane/ous
225
5.abnormal condition of blue (skin):
5.cyan/osis
226
6.condition of sweat: suder/
6.sudor/esis
227
7.softening of a nail:
7.onych/o/malacia
228
8.white cell:
8.leuk/o/cyte
229
9. black cell:
9. melan/o/cyte
230
10. skin that is dry:
10. xer/o/derma
231
11. transplant from same (species):
homo/graft or allo/graft
232
12.tumor (composed of) cancer:
12.carcin/oma
233
13. skin (condition associated) with pus:
13. py/o/derma
234
14. discharge or flow of sebum:
14. seb/o/rrhea
235
15. treatment with cold:
cry/o/therapy
236
Basal Cell Carcinoma
§Locally invasive tumor, but rarely metastasizes. §Tumors grow slowly, but commonly ulcerate. §Predominant in fair-skinned men older than 60 years of age.
237
§Malignancy of basal layer is commonly caused by
repeated overexposure to the sun.
238
Basal cell carcinoma with pearly, flesh-colored papule with depressed center and rolled edge.
INSERT IMAGE
239
Common sites of basal cell carcinoma
INSERT IMAGE
240
Basal Cell Carcinoma TREATMENT
§Size, shape, location, and invasiveness of the carcinoma determine the type of treatment. §Curettage and electrodessication §Cryotherapy and laser therapy §Chemotherapeutic drugs §Surgical excision (used in 90% of the cases) §Irradiation or chemosurgery
241
1.Mr. T. is advised that the basal cell carcinoma on his face will not spread but will remain localized. Eventually, it will destroy underlying and adjacent tissues. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another site is called
1.metastasis
242
2.A 70-year-old male is diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma caused by overexposure to the sun. He is informed that the most common site of this skin cancer is the
2.face
243
3.After close examination of a growth on Ann’s arm, she is informed that it is noncancerous. The dermatologist charts the noncancerous growth as (benign, cancerous, malignant).
3.benign
244
4.Mr. J., who is diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma, asks the nurse to explain this type of cancer. How should the nurse respond?
4.She explains that it is a malignancy of the basal layer of the skin and is commonly caused by repeated overexposure to the sun.
245
Malignant Melanoma
§Irregularly pigmented papules with brown, red, white, and blue areas. §Borders of lesions are irregular and there may be notches. §Older lesions ulcerate and form modules.
246
Malignant melanoma.
INSERT IMAGE
247
Malignant Melanoma TREATMENT
Excisional biopsy.
Prognosis is directly related to the thickness of lesions, determined microscopically.
Lesions less than 1 millimeters thick should be removed, with a 1-centimeter margin.
248
1.Katie has an appointment for her yearly skin cancer check. Upon examination, a small, dark, multicolored, asymmetrical lesion with an irregular border is found on the upper back. The doctor suspects this to be a lethal black tumor, known as a _______________.
1.melanoma
249
2.Melan/oma is a (benign, malignant) neoplasm that originates in the skin.
2.malignant
250
3.Melan/oma is composed of cells called _______________.
melan/o/cytes
251
4.The doctor explains to Katie that the lesion must be removed and examined microscopically to confirm his diagnosis. He writes an order for the surgical removal of the lesion as an excisional _____________.
4.biopsy
252
Abscess
§Localized collection of pus at infection site (characteristically, a staphylococcal infection). §Affected portion of skin may be extremely tender, painful, and swollen. §Abscess may enlarge, soften, and open, discharging pus and necrotic material. §Erythema and edema may persist at the site for days or weeks. §Mild fever may accompany this condition.
253
A furuncle, or boil
§, is an abscess in a hair follicle and adjacent subcutaneous tissue.
254
Dome-shaped abscess that formed a furuncle in hair follicles of the neck.
INSERT IMAGE
255
§A carbuncle is a
cluster of furuncles in the subcutaneous tissue.
256
Abscess TREATMENT
§Cleaning of infected area thoroughly with soap and water. §Application of hot, wet compresses to promote vasodilation and drainage from lesions. §Administration of topical antibiotics. §Incision and drainage (I&D) may be necessary after lesion has matured.
257
1.Mrs. K. presents with redness and edema on the neck. The term to describe reddening of the skin is
1.erythema or erythamatous
258
2.Upon diagnosis of a furuncle, the nurse explains that this is an infection caused by a/an (bacterium, injury, virus).
2.bacterium
259
3.The physician charts a cluster of furuncles in the subcutaneous tissue as a
3.carbuncle
260
4.Sue is diagnosed with an abscess on her knee. She asks the nurse to explain this condition.
4.The nurse explains that it is a localized collection of pus at the infection site, characteristically caused by the bacterium known as Staphylococcus.
261
Psoriasis
§Inflammatory chronic skin condition marked by thick, flaky, red patches of various sizes, and covered with silvery scales. Affected areas typically appear dry, cracked, and encrusted. Common sites include scalp, outer sides of arms and legs, especially the elbows and knees. Caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis.
262
Psoriasis
INSERT IMAGE
263
§Pruritus is a common complaint OF
Psoriasis
264
Psoriasis TREATMENT
§Goal is to reduce inflammation and slow rapid growth of skin cells that cause this condition. §Topical application of various medications, such as coal tar, vitamin D, and corticosteroid drugs; and keeping the skin moist and lubricated.
265
PSORIASIS TREATMENT WITH Photochemotherapy with exposure to ultraviolet-A light (P U V A) to slow
hyperkeratosis.
266
PSORIASIS TREATMENT WITH Ultraviolet-B (U V B) light therapy or natural sunlight to
retard cell production
267
PSORIASIS TREATMENT WITH Excimer laser
a more powerful form of U V B light therapy, is directed to the plaques to control scaling and inflammation.
268
1.Joan is diagnosed with psoriasis. The physician explains that the most common sites of psoriasis are the
1.scalp, knees, elbows, umbilicus, and genitalia
269
2.Mr. M. presents for treatment of psoriasis with ultraviolet (U V) light therapy. The doctor explains that U V light therapy retards cell production and slows horny growths on the skin. Overgrowth of the horny layer of the epidermis is a condition called (keratoid, keratolysis, hyperkeratosis).
hyperkeratosis
270
3.Mr. G. is prescribed topical application of a corticosteroid drug for his psoriasis. The physician explains that the goal of this treatment is to keep the skin (dry, sterile, lubricated).
3.lubricated
271
4.Ms. L. is scheduled for excimer laser therapy to control her psoriasis; she asks the doctor to explain the procedure.
4.The physician explains that this is a more powerful form of U V B light therapy, directed to the plaques to control scaling and inflammation.
272
Acne Vulgaris
§Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles. §Marked by appearance of papules, pustules, and comedones. §More common in adolescents and young adults between ages 12 and 35 years.
273
Acne Vulgaris
INSERT IMAGE
274
Acne Vulgaris Occurs most often ON
§the face, but can also occur on the neck, shoulders, chest, and back.
275
Acne Vulgaris Occurs most COMMONLY CAUSED BY
hormonal changes during puberty, but can appear at any age. Underlying cause is genetic predisposition.
276
Acne Vulgaris POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
including stress and external irritants, such as soaps and cosmetics.
277
Acne Vulgaris TREATMENT
§Goals are to reduce bacterial count, decrease sebaceous gland activity, and prevent inflammation of the follicle.; §Antibacterial solution applied to the skin, orally administered antibiotics, or both. Topical application of medications chemically related to vitamin A (Retin-A) reduces natural oils and promotes drying and peeling of acne lesions.
Skin kept as clean and dry as possible.
278
1.John, an adolescent, suffers from a chronic inflammatory skin disorder on his face and chest. The patient has been squeezing the blackheads and whiteheads, and those areas on his face are inflamed. The medical term for blackheads and whiteheads is
1.comedones
279
2.Elisa has been diagnosed with an inflammatory skin disease known as acne vulgaris. To decrease sebaceous gland activity and prevent the follicle from becoming inflamed, the physician prescribes an (antibacterial, antibromic, antifungal) solution to apply to the skin.
2.antibacterial
280
3.During physical assessment the dermatologist observes multiple small, raised lesions containing pus on the upper back of Mr. J. The doctor documents these skin lesions as
3.pustules
281
Scabies
§Contagious parasitic skin infection that is the result of infestation by the itch mite. §Produces intense pruritus and a sensation of something crawling on the skin. §Most common symptom is a rash. Lesions are usually excoriated and may appear threadlike.
Commonly appear between the fingers, on wrists, on elbows, in the axilla, at the waist, and on nipples, buttocks, and genitalia.
282
Scabies with rash surrounding the abdominal area.
INSERT IMAGE
283
Scabies Transmission occurs through
the skin or intimate contact.
284
Scabies TREATMENT
§Topical scabicide (cream or lotion) for chemical disinfection. •Usually applied in a thin layer to the entire body from neck to feet (including genitals, umbilicus, and skinfold areas), left on overnight, and washed off in the morning. •Usually curative in one or two applications, depending on the agent prescribed. §Antipruritics and oral antihistamines to reduce itching.
285
1.A 16-year-old girl visited her grandparents at their farm last month and petted many of the animals. Now she complains of itching and a rash between her fingers and wrist folds. The physician examines her rash and prescribes a topical disinfectant cream to destroy the parasite known as “itch mite.” He charts her skin disease as (eczema, keloids, scabies).
1.scabies
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2.Ms. M. is diagnosed with scabies. She is using the prescribed topical disinfectant cream but continues to complain of itching. The medical term that means itching is
2.pruritus
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Verruca
§Irregular, rough skin lesions caused by human papillomarivirus. §Lesions may be linear or in groups. §Usually appear on the hand, fingers, or sole of the foot (plantar wart).
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Verruca
INSERT IMAGE
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Verruca TREATMENT
§Topical keratolytic drug to break down the keratin in the wart. §In feet, 40% salicylic acid plasters under occlusion. Cryosurgery or electrosurgery, if needed.
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1.Margo presents with complaints of irregular, rough skin lesions located on the sole of her foot. The doctor charts the findings as ____________ ____________.
1.plantar warts
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2.The doctor explains to Margo the cause of the lesions to be a virus known as ____________ ____________.
2.human papillomavirus
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Impetigo
§Common contagious, superficial skin infection. §Manifests with early vesicular or pustular lesions that rupture and form thick yellow crusts.
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Impetigo
INSERT IMAGE
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Impetigo LESIONS USUALLY DEVELOP ON
§the legs and are found less often on the face, trunk, and arms. §Small vesicles are surrounded by a circle of reddened skin and usually are accompanied by pruritus. §Ulcerations with erythema and scarring also may result from scratching or abrading the skin.
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Impetigo TREATMENT
§Systemic use of antibiotics. §Thorough cleansing of the lesions two to three times daily. §Good hygiene to prevent skin-to-skin or person-to-person spread. §Avoiding infected individuals is essential.
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1.Carl is diagnosed with a bacterial, inflammatory skin disease characterized by vesicles, pustules, and crusted lesions that form a yellow crust. The physician advises him to cleanse the lesion 3x/day and prescribes a topical antibiotic to treat this contagious skin infection, known as (furuncle, impetigo, psoriasis).
1.impetigo
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2.The pustules that occur in the early stages of impetigo are skin lesions known as (macules, papules, nodules).
2.papules
298
1.alopecia:
1.absence or loss of hair, especially of the head; also known as baldness
299
débridement:
2.removal of necrotized tissue from a traumatic or infected area by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents; used to promote healing and prevent infection
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3.ecchymosis:
3.skin discoloration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors ranging from blue-black to greenish brown or yellow; also known as a bruise
301
4.hematoma:
4.elevated, localized collection of blood trapped under the skin, usually resulting from trauma
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5.urticaria:
5.allergic reaction of the skin characterized by eruption of pale red elevated patches that are itchy; also called wheals or hives
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6.vitiligo:
6.localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches; also called leukoderma
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Allergy skin test
Suspected allergen is applied to or injected into the skin to determine the patient’s sensitivity to it
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§Intradermal test identifies
suspected allergens by subcutaneous injection of small amounts of extracts of the suspected allergens and observing the skin for a subsequent reaction.
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Scratch (prick) skin test
§Identification of suspected allergens via placement of a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin.
307
Scratch (prick) skin test kit for allergy testing.
INSERT IMAGE
308
Allergy skin test. Intradermal allergy test reactions.
INSERT IMAGE
309
Biopsy
§Excision of a piece of tissue from a body site for microscopic examination. §Any lesion suspected of malignancy is removed and sent to the pathology laboratory for evaluation. §Used to confirm a diagnosis, estimate prognosis, or monitor the course of a disease.
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1.inflammation of the skin:
1.dermatitis
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2.instrument to cut the skin:
2.dermatome or dermatotome
312
3.tumor (consisting) of fat:
3.adipoma, lipoma, steatoma
313
4.excision or removal of a nail:
4.onychectomy
314
5.skin that is blue (in color):
5.cyanoderma
315
6.surgical repair of the skin:
dermatoplasty
316
Débridement
§Removal of foreign material and dead or damaged tissue, especially in a wound.
317
I&D
§Incision of a lesion, such as an abscess, followed by drainage of its content.
318
Mohs surgery
§Layers of cancer-containing skin are progressively excised and examined. Repetition of this procedure until only cancer-free tissue remains.
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Skin graft
Allograft Autograft Synthetic Xenograft
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Allograft
healthy tissue transplanted from one person to another person; also called homograft.
321
Autograft
healthy tissue transplanted from one site to another site in the same individual.
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Skin graft Synthetic
§transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen fibers. •Recipient’s body does not reject synthetic skin. •Healing skin grows into the synthetic skin as the graft gradually disintegrates.
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Xenograft
healthy tissue (dermis only) transplanted from a foreign donor (usually a pig) to a human; also called heterograft.
324
1.To prevent infection, the physician removes foreign and necrosed material from Mr. K.’s wound. The therapeutic procedure is charted as (allograft, cryotherapy, débridement).
1.débridement
325
2.Ms. J. is diagnosed with verrucae on her left hand. The dermatologist freezes and destroys the lesion with nitrogen. This procedure is known as (cryosurgery, débridement, U V light therapy).
2.cryosurgery or cryotherapy
326
3.The surgeon informs Mrs. T. that her skin tumor will be excised layer by layer until it is fully removed. What is this type of surgery called?
3.Mohs surgery
327
4.Mrs. X. is informed that pus will be removed from her abscess by incising and draining it. The procedure is abbreviated as
4.I&D
328
5.Mr. X., a patient with burn injury, is given a transplant of healthy tissue from his son. What is this type of transplant known as?
5.homograft or allograft
329
6.Mr. G., a fireman who suffers from chemical burns, is having healthy tissue transplanted from a pig. What is this type of transplant called?
6.xenograft
330
Antibiotics
§Destroy bacteria that cause skin infections.
331
Antifungals
§Destroy fungi that infect skin.
332
Antipruritics
§Reduce severe itching.
333
Corticosteroids
§Anti-inflammatories that treat skin inflammation.
334
1.To treat a bacterial skin infection, the physician prescribes a/an (antifungal, antibiotic, corticosteroid).
1.antibiotic
335
2.Eddie developed a poison ivy rash after a camping trip. A topical drug is prescribed to decrease inflammation and itching. This drug is called a/an (antifungal, antibiotic, corticosteroid).
2.corticosteroid
336
3.Mrs. K. is diagnosed with ringworm infection and is treated with a/an (antifungal, antibiotic, corticosteroid).
3.antifungal
337
4.Mr. R. developed a rash between his toes and is diagnosed with athlete’s foot. His physician suspects that it was caused by his walking barefoot in the locker room. The doctor treats this infection with a/an (antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial) drug.
antifungal
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Programmed Learning Technique
•Consists of a series of teaching units called frames. •Each frame presents information and calls for an answer on your part. •Study frames in sequence because each frame builds on the previous one. •Do not look at the answer column before you write your response, and do not move ahead in a chapter.
339
Medical words consist of some or all of the following elements (word parts):
•Word root (W R) •Combining form (C F) •Suffix •Prefix
340
Word Root (W R)
•Foundation of a medical word that contains its main meaning. •Usually derived from Latin or Greek language. Most medical words contain at least one W R
341
Combining Form (C F)
•Created when a W R is combined with a vowel, known as a combining vowel. No meaning of its own, but enables two or more word elements to be connected.
342
•Combining vowel usually an
o, but sometimes an i or an e.
343
•Difficulty pronouncing certain combinations of W R’s requires
insertion of a vowel.
344
•mamm/o in mamm/o/gram
CF
345
•psych/o in psych/o/logy
CF
346
•laryng/o in laryng/o/spasm
CF
347
hepat/o in hepat/o/megaly
CF
348
Suffix
•Word element at the end of a word. •Changes the meaning of a medical word. •Contained in most medical words. •Usually an indication of a pathology, condition, symptom, therapeutic or diagnostic procedure, or part of speech.
349
•-ectomy in append/ectomy
Suffix
350
•-itis in appendic/itis
Suffix
351
•-oma in neur/oma
Suffix
352
•-tomy in crani/o/tomy
Suffix
353
•-scope in gastr/o/scope
Suffix
354
-oma in gastr/oma
Suffix
355
Prefix
•Word element at the beginning of a word. •Many are the same as those used in the English language. •Changes the meaning of a medical word. •Not contained in all medical words. •Usually an indication of a number, time, position, measurement, direction, or negation.
356
•hyper- in hyper/tension
Prefix
357
•hemi- in hemi/plegia
Prefix
358
•epi- in epi/derm/al
Prefix
359
•post- in post/nat/al
Prefix
360
inter- in inter/cost/al
Prefix
361
Three steps for defining medical words:
1.Define the suffix first. 2.Define the first part of the word (W R, C F, or prefix). 3.Define the middle part of the word (W R or C F).
362
Three rules for building medical words:
Know your rules 1, 2, 3
363
•Rule 1:
W R links a suffix that begins with a vowel.
364
•Rule 2:
C F (root + o) links a suffix that begins with a consonant.
365
•Rule 3:
C F (root + o) links a root to another root to form a compound word. •Rule 3 holds true even if the next root begins with a vowel, as in gastr/o/intestin/al.
366
•Diacritical marks and capitalization are used to
aid pronunciation of terms throughout the text and to help you understand pronunciation marks used in most dictionaries.
367
Common Suffixes
•Surgical •Diagnostic •Pathological •Singular and plural
368
•append/ectomy
Suffixes associated with surgical procedures
369
•arthr/o/centesis
Suffixes associated with surgical procedures
370
•lith/o/tripsy
Suffixes associated with surgical procedures
371
•rhin/o/plasty
Suffixes associated with surgical procedures
372
oste/o/tome
Suffixes associated with surgical procedures
373
•electr/o/cardio/graphy (E C G, E K G)
Suffixes associated with diagnostic procedures:
374
•gastr/o/scopy
Suffixes associated with diagnostic procedures:
375
•esophag/o/scopy
Suffixes associated with diagnostic procedures:
376
•pelv/i/meter*
Suffixes associated with diagnostic procedures: * The i in pelv/i/meter is an exception to the rule of using the connecting vowel o.
377
•cardi/o/graphy
Suffixes associated with diagnostic procedures:
378
•angi/o/graphy
Suffixes associated with diagnostic procedures:
379
pelv/i/metry
Suffixes associated with diagnostic procedures:
380
•neur/algia
Suffixes associated with an abnormal condition or a disease
381
•gastr/itis
Suffixes associated with an abnormal condition or a disease
382
•hem/o/rrhage
Suffixes associated with an abnormal condition or a disease
383
cardi/o/megaly
Suffixes associated with an abnormal condition or a disease
384
•hepat/o/cele
Suffixes associated with an abnormal condition or a disease
385
•lymph/edema
Suffixes associated with an abnormal condition or a disease
386
•myo/pathy
Suffixes associated with an abnormal condition or a disease
387
•dia/rrhea
Suffixes associated with an abnormal condition or a disease
388
neur/oma
Suffixes associated with an abnormal condition or a disease
389
Suffixes attached to W R’s to form parts of speech, such as adjectives and nouns gastr/ic
adjective
390
Suffixes attached to W R’s to form parts of speech, such as adjectives and nouns neur/al
adjective
391
Suffixes attached to W R’s to form parts of speech, such as adjectives and nouns obstetr/ician
noun
392
Suffixes attached to W R’s to form parts of speech, such as adjectives and nouns pneumon/ia
noun
393
Suffix changes when a word is modified from the singular form to the plural form diagnosis to
diagnoses
394
Suffix changes when a word is modified from the singular form to the plural form bronchus to
bronchi
395
Suffix changes when a word is modified from the singular form to the plural form deformity to
deformities
396
Suffix changes when a word is modified from the singular form to the plural form pleura to
pleurae
