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MAT 101 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Learn medical terminology by using the

A

programmed learning technique.

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2
Q

The principal technique used throughout the book is known as

A

programmed learning, which consists of a series of teaching units called frames.

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3
Q

medical word consists of some or all of the following elements

A

word root (WR); • combining form (CF); suffix; prefix

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4
Q

HOW YOU COMBINE THE 4 ELEMENTS OF A MEDICAL WORD DETERMINES WHAT

A

THE MEANING OF THE WORD

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5
Q

A word root (WR)

A

is the main part, or foundation, of a word. All medical words have at least one WR.

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6
Q

A word root, also called a root, may be used alone or

A

combined with other elements to form another word with a different meaning.

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7
Q

alcohol + ISM

A

alcoholism (condition marked by impaired control over alcohol use)

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8
Q

sperm + ICIDE

A

spermicide (agent that kills sperm)

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9
Q

thyroid + ECTOMY

A

thyroidectomy (excision of the thyroid gland)

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10
Q

alcohol/ic - WHAT IS WR

A

alcohol

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11
Q

dent/ist - WHAT IS WR

A

dent

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12
Q

lump/ectomy - WHAT IS WR

A

lump

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13
Q

insulin/ism - WHAT IS WR

A

insulin

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14
Q

gastr/it is - WHAT IS WR

A

gastr

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15
Q

scler/o/derma

A

sklĕr- ō-DĔR-mă

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16
Q

mast/o/dynia

A

măst-ō-DĬN-ē-ă

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17
Q

arthr/o/plasty

A

ĂR-thrō-plăs-tē

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18
Q

the root usually indicates a

A

body part (anatomical structure).

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19
Q

will find that the roots in medical words are usually derived from

A

Greek or Latin words.

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20
Q

A CF is created when

A

a WR is combined with a vowel. This vowel is usually an o. The vowel has no meaning of its own, but enables the connection of two or more word elements. The difficulty of pronouncing certain combinations of WRs requires insertion of a vowel.

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21
Q

Like the WR, the CF is the basic foundation on which

A

other elements are added to build a complete word

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22
Q

The vowel has no meaning of its own but enables

A

two elements to be connected to each other.

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23
Q

A combining vowel is used to

A

link a root to another root to form a compound word. This rule holds true even if the next root begins with a vowel, as in gastr/o/enter/itis.

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24
Q

A suffix

A

is a word element located at the end of a word. Substituting one suffix for another suffix changes the meaning of the word.

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25
Q

In medical terminology, a suffix usually indicates a

A

procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech.

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26
Q

A word root links a suffix that

A

begins with a vowel.

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27
Q

A combining form (root + o) links a suffix that

A

begins with a consonant.

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28
Q

Elements preceding a suffix can be a

A

WR or a CF

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29
Q

Three Rules of Word Building

A

• Rule 1: A root links a suffix that begins with a vowel.; • Rule 2: A combining form (root + o) links a suffix that begins with a consonant.; • Rule 3: A combining form (root + o) links a root to another root to form a compound word. (This rule holds true even if the next root begins with a vowel.)

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30
Q

A prefix is a word element located

A

at the beginning of a word. Substituting one prefix for another prefix changes the meaning of the word. A prefix usually indicates a number, time, position, or negation. Many prefixes found in medical terminology are also found in the English language.

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31
Q

When defining a medical word,

A

first, define the suffix; second, define the beginning of the word; and, finally, define the middle of the word. Here is an example using the term osteoarthritis. (2,3,1)

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32
Q
  1. The diacritical mark ˘ is called a
A

BREVE

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33
Q
  1. The diacritical mark ¯ is called a
A

MACRON

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34
Q
  1. The macron (¯) above a vowel is used to indicate ___________vowel pronunciations
A

LONG

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35
Q
  1. The breve (˘) above a vowel is used to indicate _________ vowel pronunciations
A

SHORT

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36
Q
  1. The letters c and g have a _____________ sound before the letters a and o. Examples are cardiac, cast, gastric, gonad.
A

hard

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37
Q
  1. When pn is at the beginning of a word, pronounce only ___________. Examples are pneumonia, pneumotoxin
A

p, n, pn). Examples are pneumonia, pneumotoxin.

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38
Q
  1. When i is at the end of a word (to form a plural), it is pronounced like__________ . Examples are bronchi, fungi, nuclei.
A

eye

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39
Q
  1. For ae and oe, only the _____________ vowel is pronounced. Examples are bursae, pleurae, roentgen.
A

second

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40
Q
  1. When e and es form the final letter or letters of a word, they are commonly pronounced as _____________ syllables. Examples are syncope, systole, appendices.
A

separate

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41
Q

Changing the suffix modifies the

A

meaning of the word

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42
Q

A combining form (root + o) links a suffix that

A

begins with a consonant.

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43
Q

Pronouncing medical words correctly is crucial because

A

mispronunciations can result in incorrect medical interpretations and treatments. In addition, misspelled terms in a medical report may become a legal issue

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44
Q

arthr/o/scop/ic

A

ăr-thrōs-KŎP-ĭk

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45
Q

erythr/o/cyt/osis

A

ĕ-rĭth-rō-sī-TŌ-sĭs

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46
Q

append/ix

A

ă-PĔN-dĭks

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47
Q

dermat/itis

A

dĕr-mă-TĪ-tĭs

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48
Q

gastr/o/enter/itis

A

găs-trō-ĕn-tĕr-Ī-tĭs

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49
Q

orth/o/ped/ic

A

or-thō-PĒ-dĭk

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50
Q

oste/o/arthr/itis

A

ŏs-tē-ō-ăr-THRĪ-tĭs

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51
Q

vagin/itis

A

văj-ĭn-Ī-tĭs

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52
Q

micro/cyte

A

MĪ-krō-sīt

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53
Q

arthr/o:

A

joint

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54
Q

centesis

A

surgical puncture

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55
Q

arthr/o/centesis ; ăr-thrō-sĕn-TĒ-sĭs

A

surgical puncture of a joint, Arthrocentesis helps remove accumulated fluid or inject medications

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56
Q

desis

A

binding, fixation (of a bone or joint)

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57
Q

arthr/o/desis; ăr-thrō-DĒ-sĭs

A

binding or fixation of a joint

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58
Q

append:

A

appendix

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59
Q

ectomy

A

excision, removal

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60
Q

append/ectomy; ăp-ĕn-DĔK-tō-mē

A

excision or removal of the appendix

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61
Q

-lysis

A

separation; destruction; loosening

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62
Q

thromb/o

A

blood clot

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63
Q

thromb/o/lysis

A

thrŏm-BŎL-ĭ-sĭs; separation, destruction, or loosening of a blood clot

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64
Q

-pexy

A

fixation (of an organ)

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65
Q

mast/o

A

breas

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66
Q

mast/o/pexy

A

fixation of the breasts; mastopexy is performed to affix sagging breasts in a more elevated position; commonly improving their shape

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67
Q

-plasty

A

surgical repair

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68
Q

rhin/o

A

nose

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69
Q

rhin/o/plasty

A

surgical repair of the nose; to change size or shape

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70
Q

rrhaphy

A

suture

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71
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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72
Q

my/o/rrhaphy

A

suture of a muscle

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73
Q

-stomy

A

forming an opening (mouth)

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74
Q

trache/o

A

trachea (windpipe)

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75
Q

trache/o/stomy

A

forming an opening (mouth) into the trachea; Tracheostomy can help bypass an obstructed. upper airway

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76
Q

-tome

A

instrument to cut

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77
Q

oste/o

A

bone

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78
Q

oste/o/tome

A

instrument to cut bone

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79
Q

-tomy

A

incision

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80
Q

trache/o/tomy

A

incision into the trachea; tracheotomy can help gain access to an airway below a blockage

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81
Q

-tripsy

A

crushing

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82
Q

lith/o

A

caculus; stone

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83
Q

lith/o/tripsy

A

crushing a stone or calculus

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84
Q

leuk/emia

A

loo-KĒ-mē-ă

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85
Q

cephal/algia

A

sĕf-ă-LĂL-jē-ă

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86
Q

gastr/itis

A

găs-TRĪ-tĭs

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87
Q

append/ectomy

A

ăp-ĕn-DĔK-tō-mē

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88
Q

gastr/o/scope

A

GĂS-trō-skōp

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89
Q

men/o/rrhea

A

mĕn-ō-RĒ-ă

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90
Q

angi/o/rrhexis

A

ăn-jē-ō-RĔK-sĭs

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91
Q

ureter/o/lith

A

ū-RĒ-tĕr-ō-lĭth

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92
Q

oste/o/chondr/itis

A

ŏs-tē-ō-kŏn-DRĪ-tĭs

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93
Q

oste/o/chondr/oma

A

ŏs-tē-ō-kŏn-DRŌ-mă

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94
Q

oste/o/arthr/itis

A

ŏs-tē-ō-ăr-THRĪ-tĭs

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95
Q

gastr/o/enter/itis

A

găs-trō-ĕn-tĕr-Ī-tĭs

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96
Q

cardi/o/gram

A

KĂR-dē-ō-grăm

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97
Q

carcin/oma

A

kăr-sĭ-NŌ-mă

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98
Q

enter/o/cyst/o/plasty

A

ĕn-tĕr-ō-SĬS-tō-plăs-tē

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99
Q

leuk/o/cyt/o/penia

A

loo-kō-sī-tō-PĒ-nē-ă

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100
Q

erythr/o/cyt/osis

A

ĕ-rĭth-rō-sī-TŌ-sĭs

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101
Q

hepat/itis

A

hĕp-ă-TĪ-tĭs ; inflammation of the liver

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102
Q

pancreat/itis

A

păn-krē-ă-TĪ-tĭs; inflammation of the pancreas

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103
Q

cholecyst/itis

A

kō-lē-sĭs-TĪ-tĭs; inflammation of the gall bladder

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104
Q

append/ectomy

A

ăp-ĕn-DĔK-tō-mē; excision of the appendix

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105
Q

gastr/o/megaly

A

găs-trō-MĔG-ă-lē; enlargement of the stomach

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106
Q

splen/o/megaly

A

splē-nō-MĔG-ă-lē; enlargement of the spleen

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107
Q

colon/o/scopy

A

kō-lŏn-ŎS-kō-pē; visual examination of the colon

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108
Q

gram

A

record, writing

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109
Q

electr/o

A

electricity

110
Q

cardi/o

111
Q

electr/o/cardi/o/gram

A

ē-lĕk-trō-KĂR-dē-ō-grăm; record of electrical activity of the heart,
An electrocardiogram allows for diagnosis of specific cardiac abnormalities

112
Q

-graph

A

instrument for recording

113
Q

electr/o/cardi/o/graph

A

ē-lĕk-trō-KĂR-dē-ō-grăf; instrument to record electrical activity of the heart; Interpretation of an output from the electrocardiograph includes heart rate and rhythm and identifying abnormalities in the shape of the electrical pattern produced on the graph paper

114
Q

-graphy

A

process of recording

115
Q

electr/o/cardi/o/graphy

A

ē-lĕk-trō-kăr-dē-ŎG-ră-fē ;process of recording electrical activity of the heart ; The electrocardiography (ECG) technician explains the procedure to the patient and attaches electrodes to perform the ECG

116
Q

-meter

A

instrument for measuring

117
Q

pelv/i

118
Q

pelv/i/meter*

A

pĕl-VĬM-ĕ-tĕr; instrument for measuring the pelvis

119
Q

-metry

A

act of measuring

120
Q

pelv/i/metry*

A

pĕl-VĬM-ĕ-trē; act of m,easuring the pelvis

121
Q

-scope

A

instrument for examining

122
Q

endo

A

in; within

123
Q

endo/scope

A

ĔN-dō-skōp; instrument for examining within (or inside a hollow organ or cavity)

124
Q

scopy

A

visual examination

125
Q

ĔN-dō-skōp

A

ĕn-DŎS-kō-pē; visual examination within (a cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope)

126
Q

-algia, -dynia

127
Q

neur:

128
Q

neur/algia

A

nū-RĂL-jē-ă ; pain of a nerve (or pain along the path of a nerve)

129
Q

ot/o:

130
Q

ot/o/dynia

A

ō-tō-DĬN-ē-ă ; pain in the ear (earache)

131
Q

-cele

A

hernia, swelling

132
Q

hepat/o:

133
Q

hepat/o/cele

A

hĕ-PĂT-ō-sēl; hernia or swelling of the liver

134
Q

ectasis

A

dilation, expansion

135
Q

bronchi:

A

bronchus (plural, bronchi)

136
Q

bronchi/ectasis

A

brŏng-kē-ĔK-tă-sĭs ; abnormal dilation or expansion of a bronchus or bronchi; Bronchiectasis is associated with various lung conditions and is commonly accompanied by chronic infection.

137
Q

-edema

138
Q

lymph:

139
Q

lymph/edema

A

lĭmf-ĕ-DĒ-mă ; swelling of lymph tissue (swelling resulting from accumulation of tissue fluid); Lymphedema may be caused by a blockage of the lymph vessels.

140
Q

emesis

141
Q

hyper-:

A

excessive, above normal

142
Q

hyper/emesis

A

hī-pĕr-ĔM-ĕ-sĭs ; excessive, above normal vomiting

143
Q

an

A

without,not

144
Q

emia

A

blood condition

145
Q

an/emia

A

ă-NĒ-mē-ă ; literally means without blood (blood condition caused by iron deficiency or a decrease in red blood cells)

146
Q

chol/e

A

bile, gall

147
Q

lith

A

stone,calculus

148
Q

-iasis

A

abnormal condition (produced by something specific)

149
Q

chol/e/lith*

A

KŌ-lē-lĭth ; gallstone

150
Q

chol/e/lith/iasis*

A

kō-lē-lĭ-THĪ-ă-sĭs; presence or formation of gallstones (in the gallbladder or common bile duct)

151
Q

it is

A

inflammation

152
Q

arthr:

153
Q

arthr/itis

A

ăr-THRĪ-tĭs; inflammation of a joint; Arthritis is commonly accompanied by pain, swelling, stiffness, and deformity.

154
Q

-malacia

155
Q

chondr/o:

156
Q

chondr/o/malacia

A

kŏn-drō-mă-LĀ-shē-ă ; softening of cartilage

157
Q

-megaly

A

enlargement

158
Q

cardi/o:

159
Q

cardi/o/megaly

A

kăr-dē-ō-MĔG-ă–lē ; enlargement of the heart

160
Q

-oma

161
Q

neur:

162
Q

neur/oma

A

nū-RŌ-mă; tumor composed of nerve cells

163
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)

164
Q

cyan

165
Q

cyan/osis

A

sī-ă-NŌ-sĭs ; abnormal condition of dark blue coloration (bluish or purple discoloration of the skin and mucous membrane)

166
Q

-pathy

167
Q

my/o

168
Q

my/o/pathy

A

any disease of the muscle

169
Q

-penia

A

decrease, deficiency

170
Q

erythr/o:

171
Q

erythr/o/penia

A

ĕ-rĭth-rō-PĒ-nē-ă ; abnormal decrease in or deficiency of red blood cells

172
Q

-phobia

173
Q

hem/o:

174
Q

hem/o/phobia

A

hē-mō-FŌ-bē-ă ; fear of blood

175
Q

-plegia

176
Q

hemi-:

177
Q

hemi/plegia

A

hĕm-ē-PLĒ-jē-ă ; paralysis of one half (paralysis of one side of the body); Hemiplegia affects the right or left side of the body and is caused by a brain injury or stroke.

178
Q

-rrhage, -rrhagia

A

bursting forth (of)

179
Q

hem/o:

180
Q

hem/o/rrhage

A

HĔM-ĕ-rĭj ; bursting forth of blood (loss of large amounts of blood within a short period, externally or internally)

181
Q

men/o:

A

menses, menstruation

182
Q

men/o/rrhagia

A

mĕn-ō-RĀ-jē-ă ; bursting forth of menses (profuse discharge of blood during menstruation)

183
Q

rrhea

A

discharge, flow

184
Q

dia-:

A

through, across

185
Q

dia/rrhea

A

dī-ă-RĒ-ă ; discharge or flow through (abnormally frequent discharge or flow of fluid fecal matter from the bowel)

186
Q

rrhexis

187
Q

arteri/o:

188
Q

arteri/o/rrhexis

A

ăr-tē-rē-ō-RĔK-sĭs ; rupture of an artery

189
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing, stricture

190
Q

arteri/o/stenosis

A

ăr-tē-rē-ō-stĕ-NŌ-sĭs ; narrowing or stricture of an artery

191
Q

-toxic

192
Q

hepat/o/toxic

A

HĔP-ă-tō-tŏk-sĭk ; potentially destructive to the liver

193
Q

-trophy

A

nourishment, development

194
Q

dys-:

A

bad; painful; difficult

195
Q

dys/trophy

A

DĬS-trō-fē ; bad state of development or nourishment (abnormal condition caused by defective nutrition or metabolism

196
Q

sarcoma - săr-KŌ-mă - make plural

A

sarcomata; Retain the ma and add ta.

197
Q

thrombus - THRŎM-bŭs - make plural

A

thrombi; drop the us and add an i

198
Q

appendix - ă-PĔN-dĭks - make plural

A

appendices; Drop ix and add ices.

199
Q

diverticulum -dī-vĕr-TĬK-ū-lŭm - make plural

A

diverticula; Drop um and add a.

200
Q

ovary -Ō-vă-rē - make plural

A

ovaries; Drop y and add ies.

201
Q

diagnosis - dī-ăg-NŌ-sĭs - make plural

A

diagnoses; Drop is and add es.

202
Q

lumen - LŪ-mĕn- make plural

A

lumina; Drop en and add ina.

203
Q

vertebra - VĔR-tĕ-bră-

A

vertebrae; Retain the a and add e.

204
Q

thorax - THŌ-răks - make plural

A

thoraces; Drop the x and add ces.

205
Q

spermatozoon - pĕr-măt-ō-ZŌ-ŏn - make plural

A

spermatozoa; Drop on and add a.

206
Q

a-*, an-**

A

without, not

207
Q

mast:

208
Q

a/mast/ia

A

ă-MĂS-tē-ă ; without a breast; Amastia may be the result of a congenital defect, an endocrine disorder, or mastectomy.

209
Q

-esthesia

210
Q

an/esthesia

A

ăn-ĕs-THĒ-zē-ă ; without feeling (partial or complete loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness)

211
Q

auto-

212
Q

graft

A

transplantation

213
Q

auto/graft

A

AW-tō-grăft ; transplantation to self; An example of an autograft is a transplant from the buttocks to the breast.

214
Q

circum-, peri-

215
Q

circum/duction

A

sĕr-kŭm-DŬK-shŭn; act of leading around (movement of a part, such as an extremity, in a circular direction)

216
Q

-al

A

pertaining to

217
Q

odont:

218
Q

peri/odont/al

A

pĕr-ē-ō-DŎN-tăl; pertaining to “around a tooth”

219
Q

dia-, trans-

A

through, across

220
Q

-rrhea

A

discharge; flow

221
Q

dia/rrhea

A

dī-ă-RĒ-ă; flow through

Diarrhea is a condition of abnormally frequent discharge or flow of fluid fecal matter from the bowel.

222
Q

vagin

223
Q

trans/vagin/al

A

trăns-VĂJ-ĭn-ăl; pertaining to “across the vagina”

224
Q

dipl-, diplo-

225
Q

-opia

226
Q

dipl/opia

A

dĭp-LŌ-pē-ă; double vision

227
Q

bacteri:

228
Q

diplo/bacteri/al

A

dĭp-lō-băk-TĒR-ē-ăl; pertaining to bacteria linked together in pairs; Diplobacteria reproduce in such a manner that they are joined together in pairs.

229
Q

endo-, intra-

A

in, within

230
Q

-crine

231
Q

endo/crine

A

ĔN-dō-krīn; secrete within; Endocrine refers to a gland that secretes directly into the bloodstream.

232
Q

muscul

233
Q

-ar

A

pertaining to

234
Q

intra/muscul/ar

A

ĭn-tră-MŬS-kū-lăr ; pertaining to “within the muscle”

235
Q

hetero-

236
Q

hetero/graft

A

HĔT-ĕ-rō-grăft; different transplantation; A heterograft is also known as a xenograft

237
Q

homo-, homeo-

238
Q

homo/graft

A

HŌ-mō-grăft; literally means transplantation of same (transplantation of tissue between the same species); A homograft is also called an allograft.

239
Q

-plasia

A

formation, growth

240
Q

homeo/plasia

A

hō-mē-ō-PLĀ-zē-ă; formation or growth of new tissue similar to that already existing in a part

241
Q

hypo-

A

under, below, deficient

242
Q

-derm

243
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

244
Q

hypo/derm/ic

A

hī-pō-DĔR-mĭk; pertaining to “under the skin” (under or inserted under the skin, as in a hypodermic injection); Hypodermic needles are used for injections and to take fluid samples from the body, for example, to take blood from a vein in venipuncture.

245
Q

macro-

246
Q

-cyte

247
Q

macro/cyte

A

MĂK-rō-sīt; abnormally large cell (usually erythrocyte), such as those found in pernicious anemia

248
Q

micro-

249
Q

-scope

A

instrument for examining

250
Q

micro/scope

A

MĪ-krō-skōp; instrument for examining minute objects

251
Q

mono-, uni-

252
Q

mono/cyte

A

MŎN-ō-sīt; large mononuclear leukocyte

253
Q

nucle

254
Q

-ar

A

pertaining to

255
Q

uni/nucle/ar

A

ū-nĭ-NŪ-klē-ăr ; pertaining to single nucleus

256
Q

post-

A

after, behind

257
Q

nat

258
Q

post/nat/al

A

pōst-NĀ-tăl; pertaining to (the period) after birth

259
Q

pre-, pro-

A

before, in front of

260
Q

pre/nat/al

A

prē-NĀ-tăl; pertaining to (the period) before birth

261
Q

gnosis

262
Q

pro/gnosis

A

prŏg-NŌ-sĭs; before knowing; knowing beforehand (prediction of the course and end of a disease, and the estimated chance of recovery)

263
Q

primi-

264
Q

-gravida

A

pregnant woman

265
Q

primi/gravida

A

prī-mĭ-GRĂV-ĭ-dă; woman during her first pregnancy

266
Q

retro-

A

backward, behind

267
Q

-version

268
Q

retro/version

A

rĕt-rō-VĔR-shŭn; literally means turning backward (tipping backward of an organ, such as the uterus, from its normal position)

269
Q

super-

A

upper, above

270
Q

ior

A

pertaining to

271
Q

super/ior

A

soo-PĒ-rē-or; pertaining to upper or above (toward the head or upper portion of a structure)

MAT 101 (27 decks)

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