Chapter 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Learn medical terminology by using the
A
programmed learning technique.
2
Q
The principal technique used throughout the book is known as
A
programmed learning, which consists of a series of teaching units called frames.
3
Q
medical word consists of some or all of the following elements
A
word root (WR); • combining form (CF); suffix; prefix
4
Q
HOW YOU COMBINE THE 4 ELEMENTS OF A MEDICAL WORD DETERMINES WHAT
A
THE MEANING OF THE WORD
5
Q
A word root (WR)
A
is the main part, or foundation, of a word. All medical words have at least one WR.
6
Q
A word root, also called a root, may be used alone or
A
combined with other elements to form another word with a different meaning.
7
Q
alcohol + ISM
A
alcoholism (condition marked by impaired control over alcohol use)
8
Q
sperm + ICIDE
A
spermicide (agent that kills sperm)
9
Q
thyroid + ECTOMY
A
thyroidectomy (excision of the thyroid gland)
10
Q
alcohol/ic - WHAT IS WR
A
alcohol
11
Q
dent/ist - WHAT IS WR
A
dent
12
Q
lump/ectomy - WHAT IS WR
A
lump
13
Q
insulin/ism - WHAT IS WR
A
insulin
14
Q
gastr/it is - WHAT IS WR
A
gastr
15
Q
scler/o/derma
A
sklĕr- ō-DĔR-mă
16
Q
mast/o/dynia
A
măst-ō-DĬN-ē-ă
17
Q
arthr/o/plasty
A
ĂR-thrō-plăs-tē
18
Q
the root usually indicates a
A
body part (anatomical structure).
19
Q
will find that the roots in medical words are usually derived from
A
Greek or Latin words.
20
Q
A CF is created when
A
a WR is combined with a vowel. This vowel is usually an o. The vowel has no meaning of its own, but enables the connection of two or more word elements. The difficulty of pronouncing certain combinations of WRs requires insertion of a vowel.
21
Q
Like the WR, the CF is the basic foundation on which
A
other elements are added to build a complete word
22
Q
The vowel has no meaning of its own but enables
A
two elements to be connected to each other.
23
Q
A combining vowel is used to
A
link a root to another root to form a compound word. This rule holds true even if the next root begins with a vowel, as in gastr/o/enter/itis.
24
Q
A suffix
A
is a word element located at the end of a word. Substituting one suffix for another suffix changes the meaning of the word.
25
In medical terminology, a suffix usually indicates a
procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech.
26
A word root links a suffix that
begins with a vowel.
27
A combining form (root + o) links a suffix that
begins with a consonant.
28
Elements preceding a suffix can be a
WR or a CF
29
Three Rules of Word Building
• Rule 1: A root links a suffix that begins with a vowel.; • Rule 2: A combining form (root + o) links a suffix that begins with a consonant.; • Rule 3: A combining form (root + o) links a root to another root to form a compound word. (This rule holds true even if the next root begins with a vowel.)
30
A prefix is a word element located
at the beginning of a word. Substituting one prefix for another prefix changes the meaning of the word. A prefix usually indicates a number, time, position, or negation. Many prefixes found in medical terminology are also found in the English language.
31
When defining a medical word,
first, define the suffix; second, define the beginning of the word; and, finally, define the middle of the word. Here is an example using the term osteoarthritis. (2,3,1)
32
1. The diacritical mark ˘ is called a
BREVE
33
2. The diacritical mark ¯ is called a
MACRON
34
3. The macron (¯) above a vowel is used to indicate ___________vowel pronunciations
LONG
35
4. The breve (˘) above a vowel is used to indicate _________ vowel pronunciations
SHORT
36
6. The letters c and g have a _____________ sound before the letters a and o. Examples are cardiac, cast, gastric, gonad.
hard
37
7. When pn is at the beginning of a word, pronounce only ___________. Examples are pneumonia, pneumotoxin
p, n, pn). Examples are pneumonia, pneumotoxin.
38
8. When i is at the end of a word (to form a plural), it is pronounced like__________ . Examples are bronchi, fungi, nuclei.
eye
39
9. For ae and oe, only the _____________ vowel is pronounced. Examples are bursae, pleurae, roentgen.
second
40
10. When e and es form the final letter or letters of a word, they are commonly pronounced as _____________ syllables. Examples are syncope, systole, appendices.
separate
41
Changing the suffix modifies the
meaning of the word
42
A combining form (root + o) links a suffix that
begins with a consonant.
43
Pronouncing medical words correctly is crucial because
mispronunciations can result in incorrect medical interpretations and treatments. In addition, misspelled terms in a medical report may become a legal issue
44
arthr/o/scop/ic
ăr-thrōs-KŎP-ĭk
45
erythr/o/cyt/osis
ĕ-rĭth-rō-sī-TŌ-sĭs
46
append/ix
ă-PĔN-dĭks
47
dermat/itis
dĕr-mă-TĪ-tĭs
48
gastr/o/enter/itis
găs-trō-ĕn-tĕr-Ī-tĭs
49
orth/o/ped/ic
or-thō-PĒ-dĭk
50
oste/o/arthr/itis
ŏs-tē-ō-ăr-THRĪ-tĭs
51
vagin/itis
văj-ĭn-Ī-tĭs
52
micro/cyte
MĪ-krō-sīt
53
arthr/o:
joint
54
centesis
surgical puncture
55
arthr/o/centesis ; ăr-thrō-sĕn-TĒ-sĭs
surgical puncture of a joint, Arthrocentesis helps remove accumulated fluid or inject medications
56
desis
binding, fixation (of a bone or joint)
57
arthr/o/desis; ăr-thrō-DĒ-sĭs
binding or fixation of a joint
58
append:
appendix
59
ectomy
excision, removal
60
append/ectomy; ăp-ĕn-DĔK-tō-mē
excision or removal of the appendix
61
-lysis
separation; destruction; loosening
62
thromb/o
blood clot
63
thromb/o/lysis
thrŏm-BŎL-ĭ-sĭs; separation, destruction, or loosening of a blood clot
64
-pexy
fixation (of an organ)
65
mast/o
breas
66
mast/o/pexy
fixation of the breasts; mastopexy is performed to affix sagging breasts in a more elevated position; commonly improving their shape
67
-plasty
surgical repair
68
rhin/o
nose
69
rhin/o/plasty
surgical repair of the nose; to change size or shape
70
rrhaphy
suture
71
my/o
muscle
72
my/o/rrhaphy
suture of a muscle
73
-stomy
forming an opening (mouth)
74
trache/o
trachea (windpipe)
75
trache/o/stomy
forming an opening (mouth) into the trachea; Tracheostomy can help bypass an obstructed. upper airway
76
-tome
instrument to cut
77
oste/o
bone
78
oste/o/tome
instrument to cut bone
79
-tomy
incision
80
trache/o/tomy
incision into the trachea; tracheotomy can help gain access to an airway below a blockage
81
-tripsy
crushing
82
lith/o
caculus; stone
83
lith/o/tripsy
crushing a stone or calculus
84
leuk/emia
loo-KĒ-mē-ă
85
cephal/algia
sĕf-ă-LĂL-jē-ă
86
gastr/itis
găs-TRĪ-tĭs
87
append/ectomy
ăp-ĕn-DĔK-tō-mē
88
gastr/o/scope
GĂS-trō-skōp
89
men/o/rrhea
mĕn-ō-RĒ-ă
90
angi/o/rrhexis
ăn-jē-ō-RĔK-sĭs
91
ureter/o/lith
ū-RĒ-tĕr-ō-lĭth
92
oste/o/chondr/itis
ŏs-tē-ō-kŏn-DRĪ-tĭs
93
oste/o/chondr/oma
ŏs-tē-ō-kŏn-DRŌ-mă
94
oste/o/arthr/itis
ŏs-tē-ō-ăr-THRĪ-tĭs
95
gastr/o/enter/itis
găs-trō-ĕn-tĕr-Ī-tĭs
96
cardi/o/gram
KĂR-dē-ō-grăm
97
carcin/oma
kăr-sĭ-NŌ-mă
98
enter/o/cyst/o/plasty
ĕn-tĕr-ō-SĬS-tō-plăs-tē
99
leuk/o/cyt/o/penia
loo-kō-sī-tō-PĒ-nē-ă
100
erythr/o/cyt/osis
ĕ-rĭth-rō-sī-TŌ-sĭs
101
hepat/itis
hĕp-ă-TĪ-tĭs ; inflammation of the liver
102
pancreat/itis
păn-krē-ă-TĪ-tĭs; inflammation of the pancreas
103
cholecyst/itis
kō-lē-sĭs-TĪ-tĭs; inflammation of the gall bladder
104
append/ectomy
ăp-ĕn-DĔK-tō-mē; excision of the appendix
105
gastr/o/megaly
găs-trō-MĔG-ă-lē; enlargement of the stomach
106
splen/o/megaly
splē-nō-MĔG-ă-lē; enlargement of the spleen
107
colon/o/scopy
kō-lŏn-ŎS-kō-pē; visual examination of the colon
108
gram
record, writing
109
electr/o
electricity
110
cardi/o
heart
111
electr/o/cardi/o/gram
ē-lĕk-trō-KĂR-dē-ō-grăm; record of electrical activity of the heart,
An electrocardiogram allows for diagnosis of specific cardiac abnormalities
112
-graph
instrument for recording
113
electr/o/cardi/o/graph
ē-lĕk-trō-KĂR-dē-ō-grăf; instrument to record electrical activity of the heart; Interpretation of an output from the electrocardiograph includes heart rate and rhythm and identifying abnormalities in the shape of the electrical pattern produced on the graph paper
114
-graphy
process of recording
115
electr/o/cardi/o/graphy
ē-lĕk-trō-kăr-dē-ŎG-ră-fē ;process of recording electrical activity of the heart ; The electrocardiography (ECG) technician explains the procedure to the patient and attaches electrodes to perform the ECG
116
-meter
instrument for measuring
117
pelv/i
pelvis
118
pelv/i/meter*
pĕl-VĬM-ĕ-tĕr; instrument for measuring the pelvis
119
-metry
act of measuring
120
pelv/i/metry*
pĕl-VĬM-ĕ-trē; act of m,easuring the pelvis
121
-scope
instrument for examining
122
endo
in; within
123
endo/scope
ĔN-dō-skōp; instrument for examining within (or inside a hollow organ or cavity)
124
scopy
visual examination
125
ĔN-dō-skōp
ĕn-DŎS-kō-pē; visual examination within (a cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope)
126
-algia, -dynia
pain
127
neur:
nerve
128
neur/algia
nū-RĂL-jē-ă ; pain of a nerve (or pain along the path of a nerve)
129
ot/o:
ear
130
ot/o/dynia
ō-tō-DĬN-ē-ă ; pain in the ear (earache)
131
-cele
hernia, swelling
132
hepat/o:
liver
133
hepat/o/cele
hĕ-PĂT-ō-sēl; hernia or swelling of the liver
134
ectasis
dilation, expansion
135
bronchi:
bronchus (plural, bronchi)
136
bronchi/ectasis
brŏng-kē-ĔK-tă-sĭs ; abnormal dilation or expansion of a bronchus or bronchi; Bronchiectasis is associated with various lung conditions and is commonly accompanied by chronic infection.
137
-edema
swelling
138
lymph:
lymph
139
lymph/edema
lĭmf-ĕ-DĒ-mă ; swelling of lymph tissue (swelling resulting from accumulation of tissue fluid); Lymphedema may be caused by a blockage of the lymph vessels.
140
emesis
vomiting
141
hyper-:
excessive, above normal
142
hyper/emesis
hī-pĕr-ĔM-ĕ-sĭs ; excessive, above normal vomiting
143
an
without,not
144
emia
blood condition
145
an/emia
ă-NĒ-mē-ă ; literally means without blood (blood condition caused by iron deficiency or a decrease in red blood cells)
146
chol/e
bile, gall
147
lith
stone,calculus
148
-iasis
abnormal condition (produced by something specific)
149
chol/e/lith*
KŌ-lē-lĭth ; gallstone
150
chol/e/lith/iasis*
kō-lē-lĭ-THĪ-ă-sĭs; presence or formation of gallstones (in the gallbladder or common bile duct)
151
it is
inflammation
152
arthr:
joint
153
arthr/itis
ăr-THRĪ-tĭs; inflammation of a joint; Arthritis is commonly accompanied by pain, swelling, stiffness, and deformity.
154
-malacia
softening
155
chondr/o:
cartilage
156
chondr/o/malacia
kŏn-drō-mă-LĀ-shē-ă ; softening of cartilage
157
-megaly
enlargement
158
cardi/o:
heart
159
cardi/o/megaly
kăr-dē-ō-MĔG-ă–lē ; enlargement of the heart
160
-oma
tumor
161
neur:
nerve
162
neur/oma
nū-RŌ-mă; tumor composed of nerve cells
163
-osis
abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)
164
cyan
blue
165
cyan/osis
sī-ă-NŌ-sĭs ; abnormal condition of dark blue coloration (bluish or purple discoloration of the skin and mucous membrane)
166
-pathy
disease
167
my/o
muscle
168
my/o/pathy
any disease of the muscle
169
-penia
decrease, deficiency
170
erythr/o:
red
171
erythr/o/penia
ĕ-rĭth-rō-PĒ-nē-ă ; abnormal decrease in or deficiency of red blood cells
172
-phobia
fear
173
hem/o:
blood
174
hem/o/phobia
hē-mō-FŌ-bē-ă ; fear of blood
175
-plegia
paralysis
176
hemi-:
one-half
177
hemi/plegia
hĕm-ē-PLĒ-jē-ă ; paralysis of one half (paralysis of one side of the body); Hemiplegia affects the right or left side of the body and is caused by a brain injury or stroke.
178
-rrhage, -rrhagia
bursting forth (of)
179
hem/o:
blood
180
hem/o/rrhage
HĔM-ĕ-rĭj ; bursting forth of blood (loss of large amounts of blood within a short period, externally or internally)
181
men/o:
menses, menstruation
182
men/o/rrhagia
mĕn-ō-RĀ-jē-ă ; bursting forth of menses (profuse discharge of blood during menstruation)
183
rrhea
discharge, flow
184
dia-:
through, across
185
dia/rrhea
dī-ă-RĒ-ă ; discharge or flow through (abnormally frequent discharge or flow of fluid fecal matter from the bowel)
186
rrhexis
rupture
187
arteri/o:
artery
188
arteri/o/rrhexis
ăr-tē-rē-ō-RĔK-sĭs ; rupture of an artery
189
-stenosis
narrowing, stricture
190
arteri/o/stenosis
ăr-tē-rē-ō-stĕ-NŌ-sĭs ; narrowing or stricture of an artery
191
-toxic
poison
192
hepat/o/toxic
HĔP-ă-tō-tŏk-sĭk ; potentially destructive to the liver
193
-trophy
nourishment, development
194
dys-:
bad; painful; difficult
195
dys/trophy
DĬS-trō-fē ; bad state of development or nourishment (abnormal condition caused by defective nutrition or metabolism
196
sarcoma - săr-KŌ-mă - make plural
sarcomata; Retain the ma and add ta.
197
thrombus - THRŎM-bŭs - make plural
thrombi; drop the us and add an i
198
appendix - ă-PĔN-dĭks - make plural
appendices; Drop ix and add ices.
199
diverticulum -dī-vĕr-TĬK-ū-lŭm - make plural
diverticula; Drop um and add a.
200
ovary -Ō-vă-rē - make plural
ovaries; Drop y and add ies.
201
diagnosis - dī-ăg-NŌ-sĭs - make plural
diagnoses; Drop is and add es.
202
lumen - LŪ-mĕn- make plural
lumina; Drop en and add ina.
203
vertebra - VĔR-tĕ-bră-
vertebrae; Retain the a and add e.
204
thorax - THŌ-răks - make plural
thoraces; Drop the x and add ces.
205
spermatozoon - pĕr-măt-ō-ZŌ-ŏn - make plural
spermatozoa; Drop on and add a.
206
a-*, an-**
without, not
207
mast:
breast
208
a/mast/ia
ă-MĂS-tē-ă ; without a breast; Amastia may be the result of a congenital defect, an endocrine disorder, or mastectomy.
209
-esthesia
feelin
210
an/esthesia
ăn-ĕs-THĒ-zē-ă ; without feeling (partial or complete loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness)
211
auto-
self, own
212
graft
transplantation
213
auto/graft
AW-tō-grăft ; transplantation to self; An example of an autograft is a transplant from the buttocks to the breast.
214
circum-, peri-
around
215
circum/duction
sĕr-kŭm-DŬK-shŭn; act of leading around (movement of a part, such as an extremity, in a circular direction)
216
-al
pertaining to
217
odont:
teeth
218
peri/odont/al
pĕr-ē-ō-DŎN-tăl; pertaining to “around a tooth”
219
dia-, trans-
through, across
220
-rrhea
discharge; flow
221
dia/rrhea
dī-ă-RĒ-ă; flow through
| Diarrhea is a condition of abnormally frequent discharge or flow of fluid fecal matter from the bowel.
222
vagin
vagina
223
trans/vagin/al
trăns-VĂJ-ĭn-ăl; pertaining to “across the vagina”
224
dipl-, diplo-
double
225
-opia
vision
226
dipl/opia
dĭp-LŌ-pē-ă; double vision
227
bacteri:
bacteria
228
diplo/bacteri/al
dĭp-lō-băk-TĒR-ē-ăl; pertaining to bacteria linked together in pairs; Diplobacteria reproduce in such a manner that they are joined together in pairs.
229
endo-, intra-
in, within
230
-crine
secrete
231
endo/crine
ĔN-dō-krīn; secrete within; Endocrine refers to a gland that secretes directly into the bloodstream.
232
muscul
muscle
233
-ar
pertaining to
234
intra/muscul/ar
ĭn-tră-MŬS-kū-lăr ; pertaining to “within the muscle”
235
hetero-
different
236
hetero/graft
HĔT-ĕ-rō-grăft; different transplantation; A heterograft is also known as a xenograft
237
homo-, homeo-
same
238
homo/graft
HŌ-mō-grăft; literally means transplantation of same (transplantation of tissue between the same species); A homograft is also called an allograft.
239
-plasia
formation, growth
240
homeo/plasia
hō-mē-ō-PLĀ-zē-ă; formation or growth of new tissue similar to that already existing in a part
241
hypo-
under, below, deficient
242
-derm
skin
243
-ic
pertaining to
244
hypo/derm/ic
hī-pō-DĔR-mĭk; pertaining to “under the skin” (under or inserted under the skin, as in a hypodermic injection); Hypodermic needles are used for injections and to take fluid samples from the body, for example, to take blood from a vein in venipuncture.
245
macro-
large
246
-cyte
cell
247
macro/cyte
MĂK-rō-sīt; abnormally large cell (usually erythrocyte), such as those found in pernicious anemia
248
micro-
small
249
-scope
instrument for examining
250
micro/scope
MĪ-krō-skōp; instrument for examining minute objects
251
mono-, uni-
one
252
mono/cyte
MŎN-ō-sīt; large mononuclear leukocyte
253
nucle
nucleus
254
-ar
pertaining to
255
uni/nucle/ar
ū-nĭ-NŪ-klē-ăr ; pertaining to single nucleus
256
post-
after, behind
257
nat
birth
258
post/nat/al
pōst-NĀ-tăl; pertaining to (the period) after birth
259
pre-, pro-
before, in front of
260
pre/nat/al
prē-NĀ-tăl; pertaining to (the period) before birth
261
gnosis
knowing
262
pro/gnosis
prŏg-NŌ-sĭs; before knowing; knowing beforehand (prediction of the course and end of a disease, and the estimated chance of recovery)
263
primi-
first
264
-gravida
pregnant woman
265
primi/gravida
prī-mĭ-GRĂV-ĭ-dă; woman during her first pregnancy
266
retro-
backward, behind
267
-version
turning
268
retro/version
rĕt-rō-VĔR-shŭn; literally means turning backward (tipping backward of an organ, such as the uterus, from its normal position)
269
super-
upper, above
270
ior
pertaining to
271
super/ior
soo-PĒ-rē-or; pertaining to upper or above (toward the head or upper portion of a structure)
