Chapter 24: urinary system and reproductive physiology Flashcards
true or false: the reproductive system performs homeostatic functions
false
the urinary system plays a role in homeostasis by regulating ECF variables. How does it do this?
by controlling the amounts of water, organic molecules, electrolytes, and acids and bases that are excreted in urine
-it also removes waste products from the blood then eliminates them from the body
what hormones do the kidneys secrete?
erythropoietin and renin
what do erythropoietin and renin do?
that regulates red blood cell production and blood pressure
what hormones effect kidney function?
aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and atrial natriuretic hormone
what is the effects of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone and atrial natriuretic hormone have on the kidneys?
changes the rates at which water, sodium ions, and potassium ions are excreted
a change in an ECF variable is a physiological stress. you will stess your body by changing one or more of the following–
ECF volume, ECF osmolarity, and ECF pH
- your body responds and returns the changed ECF variable to normal by changing the rate of urine formation, the concentration of water in urine, and/or urine pH
how does your body respond to the stress of changes to the ECF?
your body returns the changed ECF variables to normal by
- changing the rate of urine formation
- changing the concentration of water in urine
- changing urine pH
does the reproductive system have a homeostatic role?
no
what is the function of the reproductive system?
to produce new individuals
how is reproduction controlled?
reproduction is controlled hormonally
where is GnRH from?
the hypothalmus
where are LH and FSH from?
the anterior pituitary
what produces sex hormones?
the gonads produce sex hormones which effect organs of the reproductive system
what hormone is important in pregnancy?
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
implantation
burrowing of the embryo into the uterine wall
approximately ____ week after fertilization, a developing embryo begins implantation.
one
after implantation, the _____ is developed rapidly.
placenta
where is the placenta derived from?
both fetal and maternal tissues
the placenta is the site where :
the exchange of substances between maternal and fetal blood occurs
in response to hCG does the corpus luteum degenerate or continue to grow?
continues to grow and secretes increasing quantities of estrogens and progesterone
estrogen and progesterone prevent what?
prevent the uterine wall from being shed (unlike the normal uterine cycle
peak secretion of hCG occurs about _____ days after the end of the last menstrual period
60 days
by the ____ week of pregnancy hCG output declines to a low rate of secretion that is maintained for the duration of gestation.
10th
when does the fall in hCG occur?
at a time when hormones produced by the corpus luteum are no longer needed because the placenta has begun to secrete substantial quantities of estrogens and progesterone
hCG is secreted into what
secreted into the blood
why does hCG in blood or urine indicate pregnancy?
- hCG is secreted in blood
- blood flows through the kidneys hCG is filtered
- not all of the hCG filtered is reabsorbed
- the nonabsorbed hCG is present in urine and blood
pregnancy tests are _____.
immunological
pregnancy tests rely on ______.
antigen-antibody reaction to directly detect the presence of hCG in blood or urine
if hCG is present in urine, this is a _____ test.
positive
what result indicated that hCG was present in a urine sample?
the pregnant tube was cloudier or opaque
what is the antigen?
chorionic gonadotropin
what is the antibody
anti-hCG
what is the result of this antigen antibody reaction?
visible clumping or color change
clinical tests are very sensitive highly accurate and are usually run on ________ rather than urine.
blood serum
human chorionic gonadotropin is usualy detectable in a woman’s blood ____ week after fertilization and detectable in urine sometime during the ____ week of pregnancy.
detectable in blood 1 week after fertilization
detectable in urine 2 weeks after fertilization
true or false: the reproductive system performs homeostatic functions
false
what hormones directly stimulate development of the uterine wall and prevent it from being shed
estrogen and progesterone?
true or false: urines specific gravity cannot be less than 1
true
normal value of urine rate of formation is …
1 ml/min
normal value of urine pH is…
6
normal value of urine specific gravity is …
1.020
what is specific gravity?
its density (mass per unit volume) relative to dH2O in this case it indicates urine concentration
a concentrated urine has a higher or lower specific gravity than a dilute urine?
higher specific gravity
