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Human Body Lab > Chapter 11: special senses > Flashcards

Chapter 11: special senses Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 special senses?

A

smell , taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium

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2
Q

general senses receptor cells are what

A

modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons

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3
Q

special senses receptor cells convert a stimulus into electrical signals that reach the brain via what?

A

cranial nerves

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4
Q

chemical senses

A

detect chemicals in the external environment

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5
Q

olfactory cells

A

the receptors that respond to chemicals in the air

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6
Q

olfactory cells are unipolar bipolar or multipolar

A

bipolar

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7
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

lines the roof of the nasal cavity

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8
Q

to be smelled, an odorants molecules must be what

A

volatile (easily vaporized) and water soluble (so they can dissolve in the mucus layer coating the olfactory epithelium)

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9
Q

olfactory signals that travel through the cribiform go to where

A

the olfactory bulb

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10
Q

signals from the olfactory bulb travel to the brain along the what?

A

olfactory tract

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11
Q

the sense organ for taste

A

taste bud

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12
Q

taste buds contain what type of cells

A

gustatory cells and basal epithelial cells

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13
Q

where are taste buds located

A

on the papillae of the tongue

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14
Q

gustatory cells

A

modified epithelial cells that respond to chemicals in food and drink

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15
Q

signals from gustatory cells travel to the brain along sensory neurons in cranial nerve what?

A

VII, IX, X

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16
Q

purpose of saliva in gustation

A

dissolves substance to stimulate gustatory cells

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17
Q

basal epithelial are cells that produce what

A

new gustatory cells

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18
Q

what are the 5 primary tastes?

A

salt, sour, sweet, bitter, umami

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19
Q

umami is a subtle taste which seems to be responsible for what

A

the beef taste and characteristic tang of aging cheese

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20
Q

salt taste is produced by what ions

A

Na+ and k+

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21
Q

sour taste is produced by what acids

A

hydrogen ions

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22
Q

sweet and bitter tastes are produced by what

A

many different types of chemicals (most are organic)

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23
Q

what elicits sweet taste?

A

sugar, alcohol, some amino acids

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24
Q

some substances that taste bitter

A

alkaloids(caffeine) and long chain organic substances containing nitrogen

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25
Q

what elicits the umami taste?

A

aspartate and glutatmate (amino acids)

26
Q

acid taste is indication of what?

A

rotting food

27
Q

bitter taste is indication of what?

A

toxic substances

28
Q

what are the sensory receptors for vision

A

rods and cones

29
Q

rods and cones are located where

A

in the retina

30
Q

vision receptors are what

A

neurons that respond to visible light

31
Q

rods give a person ____ vision

A

black and white

32
Q

cones give a person ____ vision

A

color

33
Q

sensory input about vision reaches the brain via

A

cranial nerve II

34
Q

concave lenses _____ light

A

diverge light (bend it outward)

35
Q

convex lenses

A

converge light rays (bend them together)

36
Q

what are the three small bones called?

A

auditory ossicles

37
Q

fluid that fills the bony labyrinth

A

perilymph

38
Q

fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth

A

endolymph

39
Q

bony labirynth consists of what

A

cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canal

40
Q

two parts of the cohlea

A

scala vestibule and scala tympani

41
Q

the receptors for hearing and equilibrium are what

A

modified epithelial calls called hair cells

42
Q

where are the hair cells of hearing found?

A

in the cochlear duct

43
Q

where are the hair cells of equilibrium found?

A

utricle ,saccule, and semicircular ducts

44
Q

the hair cells of equilibrium respond to what

A

changes in the position and movement of the head

45
Q

sensory input about both hearing and equilibrium reach the brain via

A

cranial nerve VIII (8)

46
Q

sensory adaptation

A

the decreased sensitivity of a sensory receptor to a sustained stimulus

47
Q

conduction deafness

A

caused by poor transmission of sound waves

-sound does not reach inner ear

48
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

-structures of the cochlea or the cochlear nerve do not function properly

49
Q

visual acuity

A

sharpness of vision

50
Q

astigmatism

A

caused by imperfections in the cornea

51
Q

accomodation

A

increasing the lens refractive power

52
Q

near point

A

the closes point at which an object can be brought into focus

53
Q

why does it take longer to detect the taste of sugar on a dry tongue

A

saliva is needed to dissolve the particles to help with taste

54
Q

what is the orientation of the image on the retina of the mechanical eye?

A

upside down and reversed

55
Q

does the shape or size of the pupil have an effect on the field of vision?
does the shape or size of the pupil have an effect on the amount of light entering the mechanical eye?

A

no

yes

56
Q

myopia (nearsightedness): cause and correction

A

eyeball is too long

-fix with a concave lense

57
Q

hyperopia (farsightedness): cause and correction

A

eyeball too short

-convex lense

58
Q

astigmatism: cause and correction

A

cornea uneven or wavy

-you need the opposite curves

59
Q

your blindspot falls on what

A

your optic disk

60
Q

why can a person with conduction deafness hear when the vibrating tuning fork is placed on his/her mastoid?

A

the temporal bones houses the inner ear so putting the fork on it vibrates the fluid within the inner ear moving the hairs in the inner ear

Human Body Lab (55 decks)

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