Chapter 22 Flashcards
the key function of this system is to supply — to body tissues and remove — from the body tissue through cardiovascular system (or supply — to blood and remove — from blood)
O2, CO2, O2 and CO2
exchange of respiratory gases between the lungs and the blood is the —
external respiration
exchange of gases between the blood and the tissue is the —
internal respiration
consists of nose and pharynx
upper respiratory system
consists of larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
lower respiratory system
also called external nares
nostrils
nasal conchae means…
fold
three conchae
superior, middle, and inferior
spaces between the conchae
meatuses
three meatuses
superior meatus, middle meatus, inferior meatus
between the superior and the middle conchae
superior meatus
between the middle and the inferior conchae
middle meatus
between the inferior meatus and the palate
inferior meatus
pharynx divided into
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
upper part
nasopharynx
middle part
oropharynx
lower part
laryngopharynx
wall consists of 9 pieces of cartilage
thyroid cartilage, epiglottic cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoids cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and cuneiform cartilage
thyroid cartilage
signle
epiglottic cartilage (epiglottis)
single
cricoid cartilage
single
arytenoids cartialge
paired
corniculate cartilage
paired
cuneiform cartilage
paired
wall consists of …
mucosa, submucosa, cartilage, and a few muscle and fibrous tissues
divisions of trachea
trachea–> primary bronchi–> secondary bronchi (lobar bronchi)–> tertiary bronchi (segmental bronchi)–> bronchioles–> terminal bronchioles–> respiratory bronchioles–> alveolar ducts
divisions of a lung
lung–> lobes–> segments–> lobules–> alveolar sacs (alveoli)
squamous pulmonary epithelium
- large flat cells
- make the wall of the alveolus
septal cells
- these are small cuboidal cells
- produce a mixture of lipoprotein substance called surfactants
- surfactants reduce lung tension during breathing
alveolar macrophages cells
- also called the dust cells
- cleans up dust particles in the lung tissue
inspiration occurs when the intrapulmonic pressure …
falls below the atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg at sea level)
the volume of a gas varies inversely with the pressure at a constant temperature
boyle’s law
pulmonary air volumes
- twelve repirations per minute at rest (normal)
- we breath in or breath out about 500 ml of air
minute volume respiration
- the volume of air taken in per minute
- 500 ml x 12 = 6,000 ml
inspiratory reserve volume
- the excess air that we can breath in by a deep breath
- about 3,100 ml (above the tidal volume)
expiratory reserve volume
- the excess air that we can expel forcibly
- abour 1,200 ml (above the tidal volume)
residual volume
- the volume of air remains inside the lungs following a forcible expulsion of air
- about 1,200 ml
inspiratory capacity
- the maximum volume of air we can breath in
- tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
- 500 ml + 3,100 ml = 3,600 ml
expiratory capacity
- the maximunm volume of air we can expel
- tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume
- 500 ml + 1,200 ml = 1,700 ml
functional residual volume
- the volume of air that remains inside the lungs following a normal expiration (no force applied)
- residual volume + expiratory reserve volume
- 1,200 ml + 1,200 ml = 2,400 ml
total lung capacity
- the maximum volume of air the lungs can hold
- functional residual volume + tidal volume + inspiratoru reserve volume
- 2,400 ml + 500 ml + 3,100 ml = 6,000 ml
the volume of a gas is directly propoertional to the absolute temperature, assuming that the pressure remains constant
charle’s law
each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as of all other gases are not present
dalton’s law
the quantity of a gas that will be dissolved in a liquid, is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient at a constant temperature
herny’s law
— of O2 is transported by hemoglobin (Hb)
97%
— of O2 is transported by plasma
3%
— of CO2 is transported by hemoglobin
23%
— of CO2 is transported by plasma
77%
Hb + O2 =
oxyhemoglobin
Hb + CO2 =
carbaminohemoglobin
located in the pons; promotes inspiration (inhibits expiration)
apneustic area
located in the pons; promotes expiration (inhibits inspiration)
pneumotaxic area