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Anatomy and Physiology > A&P Chapter 2: > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 2: Flashcards

1
Q

Four elements make up 96% of body:

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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2
Q

protons

A
  • found in atomic nucleus
  • postive charge (+)
  • weight 1 amu (atomic mass unit)
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3
Q

neutrons

A
  • found in atomic nucleus
  • no electrical charge (0)
  • weight 1 amu (atomic mass unit)
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4
Q

electrons

A
  • found in electron cloud
  • negative charge (-)
  • weight 0 amu (atomic mass unit)
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5
Q

simplified and outdate because it incorrectly depicts electron in orbits, fixed circular paths

A

planetary model

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6
Q

current model used that depicts orbitals, proable regions where an electron is most likely to be located (rather than fixed orbit)

A

orbital modal

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7
Q
  • structural variations of same element
  • atoms contain same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons they contain
    • atomic numbers are same, but mass numbers different*
A

isotopes

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8
Q

are isotopes that decompose to more stable forms

A

radioisotopes

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9
Q

gerneral term for 2 or more atoms bonded together
- ex: H2

A

molecule

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10
Q

specific molecule that has 2 or more different kinds of atoms bonded together
- C6H12O6

A

compound

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11
Q

solutions

A

do not settle out
- ex: water

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12
Q

colloids

A

scatter light; do not settle out
- jell-o

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13
Q

suspensions

A

settle out and may scatter light
- ex: blood

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14
Q

solute(s)

A

substance dissolved in solvent
- ex: blood sugar- glucose is solute, and blood (plasma) is solvent

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14
Q

solvent

A

substance present in greatest amount
- usually liquid, such as water

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14
Q

charged particle (transfer of electrons form an …..)

A

ionic bonds

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14
Q

equal sharing of electrons between atoms
- linear (CO2)

A

nonpolar covalent bonds

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15
Q

unequal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms
- bend (water H2O)

A

polar covalent bonds

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16
Q

not true bond, more of a weak magnetic attraction unless with H2O

A

hydrogen bond

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17
Q

3 chemical reactions

A

1.) synthesis-> make/build
- ex: body make proteins (amino acids)
2.) decomposition-> break
3.) exchange-> making and breaking
- ex: ATP

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18
Q

lost electron

A

oxidized

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19
Q

added electron

A

reduced

20
Q

reactions result in a net release of energy (give off energy)
products have less potential energy than reactants

A

exergonic

21
Q

reactions result in a net absorption of energy (use up energy)
products have more potential energy than reactants

A

endergonic

22
Q

water, salts, and many acids and bases
* do not contain carbon*

A

inorganic compounds

23
Q

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids
* contain carbon usually large and convalently bonded

A

organic compound

24
Q

ability to absorb and release heat with little temperature change

A

high heat capacity

25
Q

evaporation requires large amounts of heat
- ex: useful cooling mechanism during sweating

A

high heat of vaporization

26
Q

dissolves and dissociates ionic substances

A

polar solvent properties

27
Q

water is an important reactant in many chemcial reactions, part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactats

A

reactivity

28
Q

protects certain organs from physical trauma

A

cushioning

29
Q

are proton donors: they release hydrogen ions (H+), bare protrons (have no electrons) in solutions

A

acid

30
Q

are proton acceptors: they pick up H+ ions in solution

A

bases

31
Q

is measurement of concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in a solution

A

pH: acid base concentration

32
Q

acids and bases are mixed together

A

neutralization

33
Q

resist abrupt and large swings in pH

A

buffers

34
Q

simple sugars containing three to seven carbon atoms

A

monosaccharides

35
Q

double sugars, too large to pass through cell membranes

A

disaccharides

36
Q

polymers of monosaccharides, not very stable

A

polysaccharides

37
Q

contains C,H,O, but less than in carbohydrates and sometimes contain P

A

lipids

38
Q

called fats when solid and oils when liquid, composed of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol molecule
main functions: energy storage, insulation, and protection

A

triglycerides or neutrsl fats

39
Q

are known as the “bad” fats
- ex: animal fats, butter

A

saturated fatty acids

40
Q

are known as the “good” fats

A

unsaturated fatty acids

41
Q

consists of four interlocking ring structure

A

steroids

42
Q

derived from a fatty acid (arachidonic acid) found in cell membrane

A

eicosanoids

43
Q

shape and function due to four structural levels

A

proteins

44
Q

all proteins are made from 20 types of amino acids

A

amino acids and peptide bonds

45
Q

four levels of proteins structure determines shape and function

A
  1. Primary: linear sequence of amino acids (order)
  2. Secondary: how primary amino acids interact with each other
  3. Tertiary: how secondary structures interact
  4. Quaternary: how 2 or more different polypeptides interact with each other
46
Q

globular proteins unfold and lose their 3-D shape

A

denaturation

47
Q

globular proteins that act as biological catalysts

A

enzymes

48
Q

characteristics of enzymes

A
  • most functional enzymes referred to as holoenzymes consists of two parts: apoenzyme and cofactor
  • enzymes are specific
  • usually end in -ase
49
Q

enzymes lower activation energy, which is the energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction

A

enzyme action

50
Q
  • composed of C,H,O,N, and P are the largest molecule in the body
  • DNA holds the genetic blueprint for the synthesis of all proteins
A

nucleic acids

51
Q

chemical energy released when glucose is broken down is captured in …..

A

ATP

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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