A&P Chapter 2: Flashcards
Four elements make up 96% of body:
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
protons
- found in atomic nucleus
- postive charge (+)
- weight 1 amu (atomic mass unit)
neutrons
- found in atomic nucleus
- no electrical charge (0)
- weight 1 amu (atomic mass unit)
electrons
- found in electron cloud
- negative charge (-)
- weight 0 amu (atomic mass unit)
simplified and outdate because it incorrectly depicts electron in orbits, fixed circular paths
planetary model
current model used that depicts orbitals, proable regions where an electron is most likely to be located (rather than fixed orbit)
orbital modal
- structural variations of same element
- atoms contain same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons they contain
- atomic numbers are same, but mass numbers different*
isotopes
are isotopes that decompose to more stable forms
radioisotopes
gerneral term for 2 or more atoms bonded together
- ex: H2
molecule
specific molecule that has 2 or more different kinds of atoms bonded together
- C6H12O6
compound
solutions
do not settle out
- ex: water
colloids
scatter light; do not settle out
- jell-o
suspensions
settle out and may scatter light
- ex: blood
solute(s)
substance dissolved in solvent
- ex: blood sugar- glucose is solute, and blood (plasma) is solvent
solvent
substance present in greatest amount
- usually liquid, such as water
charged particle (transfer of electrons form an …..)
ionic bonds
equal sharing of electrons between atoms
- linear (CO2)
nonpolar covalent bonds
unequal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms
- bend (water H2O)
polar covalent bonds
not true bond, more of a weak magnetic attraction unless with H2O
hydrogen bond
3 chemical reactions
1.) synthesis-> make/build
- ex: body make proteins (amino acids)
2.) decomposition-> break
3.) exchange-> making and breaking
- ex: ATP
lost electron
oxidized
added electron
reduced
reactions result in a net release of energy (give off energy)
products have less potential energy than reactants
exergonic
reactions result in a net absorption of energy (use up energy)
products have more potential energy than reactants
endergonic
water, salts, and many acids and bases
* do not contain carbon*
inorganic compounds
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids
* contain carbon usually large and convalently bonded
organic compound
ability to absorb and release heat with little temperature change
high heat capacity
evaporation requires large amounts of heat
- ex: useful cooling mechanism during sweating
high heat of vaporization
dissolves and dissociates ionic substances
polar solvent properties
water is an important reactant in many chemcial reactions, part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactats
reactivity
protects certain organs from physical trauma
cushioning
are proton donors: they release hydrogen ions (H+), bare protrons (have no electrons) in solutions
acid
are proton acceptors: they pick up H+ ions in solution
bases
is measurement of concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in a solution
pH: acid base concentration
acids and bases are mixed together
neutralization
resist abrupt and large swings in pH
buffers
simple sugars containing three to seven carbon atoms
monosaccharides
double sugars, too large to pass through cell membranes
disaccharides
polymers of monosaccharides, not very stable
polysaccharides
contains C,H,O, but less than in carbohydrates and sometimes contain P
lipids
called fats when solid and oils when liquid, composed of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol molecule
main functions: energy storage, insulation, and protection
triglycerides or neutrsl fats
are known as the “bad” fats
- ex: animal fats, butter
saturated fatty acids
are known as the “good” fats
unsaturated fatty acids
consists of four interlocking ring structure
steroids
derived from a fatty acid (arachidonic acid) found in cell membrane
eicosanoids
shape and function due to four structural levels
proteins
all proteins are made from 20 types of amino acids
amino acids and peptide bonds
four levels of proteins structure determines shape and function
- Primary: linear sequence of amino acids (order)
- Secondary: how primary amino acids interact with each other
- Tertiary: how secondary structures interact
- Quaternary: how 2 or more different polypeptides interact with each other
globular proteins unfold and lose their 3-D shape
denaturation
globular proteins that act as biological catalysts
enzymes
characteristics of enzymes
- most functional enzymes referred to as holoenzymes consists of two parts: apoenzyme and cofactor
- enzymes are specific
- usually end in -ase
enzymes lower activation energy, which is the energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction
enzyme action
- composed of C,H,O,N, and P are the largest molecule in the body
- DNA holds the genetic blueprint for the synthesis of all proteins
nucleic acids
chemical energy released when glucose is broken down is captured in …..
ATP
