A&P Chapter 17: Flashcards
formed elements include:
- erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs)
- leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs)
- platelets
physical characteristics and volume
- the pH of blood is 7.35–7.45
- temperature is 38C, slightly higher than “normal” body temperature
- blood accounts for approximately 8% of body weight
- average volume of blood is 5–6 L for males, and 4–5 L for females
transports oxygen from lungs to body tissue
hemoglobin
transports cardon dioxide from tisue to lungs
plasma and RBC
transports nutrients from gut to tissue
digestion
transport waste (amenia, vitamin C, and etc.) from tissues to excretory organs
plasma (has 91% water that dissolves)
conducts heat from tissue to tissue
cell respiration causes heat product
regulates pH, body temperature, and tissue water content
plasme
fights infection
WBC
blood consists of…
55% plasma and 45% formed elements
plasma
- water (91.5%)
- contains over 100 solutes
- proteins (7%)
proteins
- abumins (55%)
- globulins (38%): antibody proteins
- fibrinogen (7%): soluble protein> transformed into fibers>fibrins
formed elements
- erythrocytes: about 5 – million per cubic mm
- leucocytes: 5,000 – 10,000 per cubic mm
- thrombocytes / Platelets: 250,000 – 400,000 per cubic mm
granulocytes
- eosiniphils: 2-4%
- basophils: 0.5 – 1%
- neutrophils: 60 – 70%
agranulocytes
- lymphocytes: 20 – 25%
- monocytes: 3 – 8%
erthrocytes
- contains hemoglobin (33% of cell wt)
- Hb in an iron-protein compound
- Hb transports 97% oxygen and 23% carbon dioxide
hemoglobin bound to oxygen
oxyhemoglobin
* erthrocytes
hemoglobin after oxygen diffuses into tissues
deoxyhemoglobin
* erthrocytes
hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide
carbaminohemoglobin
* erthrocytes
Hb values
- 14-20g / 100ml blood in infants (highest)
- 12-15g / 100ml blood in adult females (lowest)
- 14-16.5g / 100ml blood in adult males (middle)
RBC has a life span of about…
100-120 days
erthropoiesis
- formation of erythrocytes
- hormonally controlled and depends on iron, amino acids, and B vitamins
triggered by hypoxia and
increased tissue demand for oxygen
erthropoietin (EPO)
heme is degraded to a yellow pigment
bilirubin
the intestine metabolizes bile
urobilinogen
this s degraded pigment leaves the body in feces, in a pigment
stercobilin
2 types of leucocytes
- Granular > Eosinophil, Basophil, Neutrophil
- Agranular > Monocyte, Lymphocyte
eosinphils
- produce antihistamines
- reduces the severity of allergies by phagocytizing antigenantibody complexes
- lead the body’s counterattack against parasitic worms
- phagocytic cells
- leucocytes
basophil
- functionally similar to mast cells
- cause allergic symptoms
- can be associated with hypersensitive allergic reactions
- leucocytes
neutrophils
- first responder to infection
- phagocytic cells
- cause allergic symptoms
- can be associated with hypersensitive allergic reactions
- leucocyte
monocytes
- show up at end of infection
- phagocytic cells
- they are the largest leukocytes
- migrate to the tissue to become macrophage (become much larger)
- macrophage fights tissue infection by phagocytosis
- leucocytes
lymphocytes
- T – cells are active against bacteria, virus cancer cells, etc.
- B – cells change into Plasma cells to produce antibodies
- Memory B – cells recognize the antigens
stimulates other T-cells
amplifier T - Cells
reorganize the antigens
memory T - Cells
help t-cells
- induce B-cells to produce antibodies
- produce IL-2 (Interleukin-2) to stimulate killer T-cells production
opposiute to helper T- Cells in function
Suppressor T - Cells
killer t-cells
- also called Cytotoxic T- cells
- destroy antigens
- can cause autoimmune condition
delayed hepersentitive t-cells
- produce strong proteins called Lymphokins
- can cause hypersensitive allergic reaction
- key factor in the rejection of transplanted tissues
life span of WBC
- fight infection
- a few hours to a few months depending on physiological
conditions - more active cells have shorter life span
- during an infection life span decreases
thrombocytes (Megakaryocytes)
- thrombocytes give rise to platelets
- help blood to clot
- life span between 5-9 days
blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity due to low RBC count or low Hb content
anemia
result of acute or chronic loss of blood
hemorrhagic anemia
prematurely ruptured erythrocytes
hemolytic anemia
destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow
aplastic anemia
absent or faulty globin in hemoglobin. Erythrocytes are
thin, delicate and deficient in hemoglobin
thalassemia
caused by a defective gene coding for an abnormal
hemoglobin
hemoglobin s (hbs)
this defect causes RBCs to
become sickle-shaped in low oxygen situations
sickle-cell anemina
too many RBCs that increase blood viscosity
polycythemia
increased number of WBC (above 11,000 cells/cu mm
blood)
leukocytosis
decreased number of WBC (below 4,000 cells/cu mm
blood)
leukocytopenia
cancerous conditions involving white blood cells. Cytoplasm contains abnormally high number immature, non-functional WBC
leukemias
involves myeloblasts
myelocytic leukemia
involves lymphocytes
lymphocytic leukemia
involves blast-type cells and primarily affects children
acute leukemia
is more prevalent in older people
chronic leukemia
leukocyte disorders
- leukemia, bone becomes totally occupied with cancerous leukocytes
- leads to internal hemorrhage and overwhelming infections
- treatments include irradiation, antileukemic drugs and bone marrow transplants
condition where the number of circulating plateletsi s deficient
thrombocytopenia
– hereditary bleeding disorders caused by lack of clotting factors. Symptoms include prolonged bleeding and painful and disabled joints
hemophilia
most common type (83% of all cases) due to a deficiency of clotting factor VIII (8)
hemophilia A
due to a deficiency of factor IX (9)
hemophilia B
mild type, caused by a deficiency of factor XI (11)
hemophilia C
blood cells are produced, located in the red bone marrow
hematopoietic stem cells
blood cell development
2-4% of the bone marrow cell are stem cells
is the process of blood cell formation
hematopoiesis
hematopoietic Stem Cells transform into…
hematblasts (not fully mature)
hematblasts transform into:
- Proerythroblasts > Erythroblasts > Erythrocytes
- Myeloblasts > Eosinophils, Basophils, Neutrophils
- Monoblasts > Monocytes > Macroproteins
- Lymphoblasts > Lymphocytes (T-cells and B-cells)
- Megakaryoblasts > Megakaryocytes (Thrombocytes)
for the development of monocytes and macrophage
Macrophage – CSF (M-CSF)
for the development of granulocytes and monocytes
Granulocyte Monocytes – CSF (GM-CSF)
helps the development of granulocytes only
Granulocyte – CSF (G-CSF)
for RBC production
Erythroprotein (EPO)
- multi – CSF, helps various cell production
- and other ILs’
Interleukin – 3 (IL-3)
albumins
- 55%
- responsible for blood thickness
- blood has more albumins than tissue fluid, so blood can draw
water from tissue
these are the antibodies
globulins (38%)
blood clotting protein (has to be converted into fibrin)
fibrinogen (7%)
platelet plug
- cytoplasm of platelets contain alpha granules and dense granules
- aplha granules contain blood clotting factors and growth factors
- dense granules supply ATP, ADP, enzymes, and Fibrin stabilizing
three steps in the platelet plug progess
- Platelet Adhesion
Platelets get attached to the wall of the damaged blood
vessel
Platelet become irregular shaped - Platelet Release Reaction
Platelets release factors and become sticky - Platelet Plug Formation
Platelets form a mass and plug the hole in the
damaged blood vessel
steps of blood coagulation:
Prothrombin (plasma protein) is formed > converted into Thrombin (enzyme) > Thrombin converts soluble Fibrinogen into insoluble fibrins > fibrins form network that traps blood cells and stops bleeding > Growth Factors initiate cell proliferation leading toward healing processes
the smooth muscles in the wall of the blood vessel contract to
reduce bleeding
vascular spasm
clotting within an unbroken blood vessel
thrombus
a thrombus that can move
embolus
determined by the antigens (proteins) expressed on the
surface of the RBC
blood groups
Rh genotypes
- Rh- positive (RR or Rf)
-Rh-negative (rr)
a person is Rh postive
- Rh-antigens on RBC surface
- no Rh-antibodies in plasma
a person is Rh-negative
- no Rh- antigens on RBC surface
- no Rh-antibodies in plasma
Rh incompatible blodd tranfusion
Rh-negative person (recipient) receives a blood transfusion
from an Rh-positive person (donor) > Rh-antigens sensitize immune system of recipient > Rh-antigens sensitize > person receives another transfusion with Rh-positive blood, Rh-antibodies from recipient’s blood will react with Rh- antigens from donor
abnormal clumping of cells
agglutination
complete breakdown of RBC
hemolysis
