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Anatomy and Physiology > A&P Chapter 17: > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 17: Flashcards

1
Q

formed elements include:

A
  • erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs)
  • leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs)
  • platelets
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2
Q

physical characteristics and volume

A
  • the pH of blood is 7.35–7.45
  • temperature is 38C, slightly higher than “normal” body temperature
  • blood accounts for approximately 8% of body weight
  • average volume of blood is 5–6 L for males, and 4–5 L for females
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3
Q

transports oxygen from lungs to body tissue

A

hemoglobin

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4
Q

transports cardon dioxide from tisue to lungs

A

plasma and RBC

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5
Q

transports nutrients from gut to tissue

A

digestion

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6
Q

transport waste (amenia, vitamin C, and etc.) from tissues to excretory organs

A

plasma (has 91% water that dissolves)

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7
Q

conducts heat from tissue to tissue

A

cell respiration causes heat product

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8
Q

regulates pH, body temperature, and tissue water content

A

plasme

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9
Q

fights infection

A

WBC

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10
Q

blood consists of…

A

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

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11
Q

plasma

A
  • water (91.5%)
  • contains over 100 solutes
  • proteins (7%)
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12
Q

proteins

A
  • abumins (55%)
  • globulins (38%): antibody proteins
  • fibrinogen (7%): soluble protein> transformed into fibers>fibrins
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13
Q

formed elements

A
  • erythrocytes: about 5 – million per cubic mm
  • leucocytes: 5,000 – 10,000 per cubic mm
  • thrombocytes / Platelets: 250,000 – 400,000 per cubic mm
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14
Q

granulocytes

A
  • eosiniphils: 2-4%
  • basophils: 0.5 – 1%
  • neutrophils: 60 – 70%
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15
Q

agranulocytes

A
  • lymphocytes: 20 – 25%
  • monocytes: 3 – 8%
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16
Q

erthrocytes

A
  • contains hemoglobin (33% of cell wt)
  • Hb in an iron-protein compound
  • Hb transports 97% oxygen and 23% carbon dioxide
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17
Q

hemoglobin bound to oxygen

A

oxyhemoglobin
* erthrocytes

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18
Q

hemoglobin after oxygen diffuses into tissues

A

deoxyhemoglobin
* erthrocytes

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19
Q

hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide

A

carbaminohemoglobin
* erthrocytes

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20
Q

Hb values

A
  • 14-20g / 100ml blood in infants (highest)
  • 12-15g / 100ml blood in adult females (lowest)
  • 14-16.5g / 100ml blood in adult males (middle)
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21
Q

RBC has a life span of about…

A

100-120 days

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22
Q

erthropoiesis

A
  • formation of erythrocytes
  • hormonally controlled and depends on iron, amino acids, and B vitamins
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23
Q

triggered by hypoxia and
increased tissue demand for oxygen

A

erthropoietin (EPO)

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24
Q

heme is degraded to a yellow pigment

A

bilirubin

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25
Q

the intestine metabolizes bile

A

urobilinogen

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26
Q

this s degraded pigment leaves the body in feces, in a pigment

A

stercobilin

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27
Q

2 types of leucocytes

A
  • Granular > Eosinophil, Basophil, Neutrophil
  • Agranular > Monocyte, Lymphocyte
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28
Q

eosinphils

A
  • produce antihistamines
  • reduces the severity of allergies by phagocytizing antigenantibody complexes
  • lead the body’s counterattack against parasitic worms
  • phagocytic cells
  • leucocytes
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29
Q

basophil

A
  • functionally similar to mast cells
  • cause allergic symptoms
  • can be associated with hypersensitive allergic reactions
  • leucocytes
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30
Q

neutrophils

A
  • first responder to infection
  • phagocytic cells
  • cause allergic symptoms
  • can be associated with hypersensitive allergic reactions
  • leucocyte
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31
Q

monocytes

A
  • show up at end of infection
  • phagocytic cells
  • they are the largest leukocytes
  • migrate to the tissue to become macrophage (become much larger)
  • macrophage fights tissue infection by phagocytosis
  • leucocytes
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32
Q

lymphocytes

A
  • T – cells are active against bacteria, virus cancer cells, etc.
  • B – cells change into Plasma cells to produce antibodies
  • Memory B – cells recognize the antigens
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33
Q

stimulates other T-cells

A

amplifier T - Cells

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34
Q

reorganize the antigens

A

memory T - Cells

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35
Q

help t-cells

A
  • induce B-cells to produce antibodies
  • produce IL-2 (Interleukin-2) to stimulate killer T-cells production
36
Q

opposiute to helper T- Cells in function

A

Suppressor T - Cells

37
Q

killer t-cells

A
  • also called Cytotoxic T- cells
  • destroy antigens
  • can cause autoimmune condition
38
Q

delayed hepersentitive t-cells

A
  • produce strong proteins called Lymphokins
  • can cause hypersensitive allergic reaction
  • key factor in the rejection of transplanted tissues
39
Q

life span of WBC

A
  • fight infection
  • a few hours to a few months depending on physiological
    conditions
  • more active cells have shorter life span
  • during an infection life span decreases
40
Q

thrombocytes (Megakaryocytes)

A
  • thrombocytes give rise to platelets
  • help blood to clot
  • life span between 5-9 days
41
Q

blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity due to low RBC count or low Hb content

A

anemia

42
Q

result of acute or chronic loss of blood

A

hemorrhagic anemia

43
Q

prematurely ruptured erythrocytes

A

hemolytic anemia

44
Q

destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow

A

aplastic anemia

45
Q

absent or faulty globin in hemoglobin. Erythrocytes are
thin, delicate and deficient in hemoglobin

A

thalassemia

46
Q

caused by a defective gene coding for an abnormal
hemoglobin

A

hemoglobin s (hbs)

47
Q

this defect causes RBCs to
become sickle-shaped in low oxygen situations

A

sickle-cell anemina

48
Q

too many RBCs that increase blood viscosity

A

polycythemia

49
Q

increased number of WBC (above 11,000 cells/cu mm
blood)

A

leukocytosis

50
Q

decreased number of WBC (below 4,000 cells/cu mm
blood)

A

leukocytopenia

51
Q

cancerous conditions involving white blood cells. Cytoplasm contains abnormally high number immature, non-functional WBC

A

leukemias

52
Q

involves myeloblasts

A

myelocytic leukemia

53
Q

involves lymphocytes

A

lymphocytic leukemia

54
Q

involves blast-type cells and primarily affects children

A

acute leukemia

55
Q

is more prevalent in older people

A

chronic leukemia

56
Q

leukocyte disorders

A
  • leukemia, bone becomes totally occupied with cancerous leukocytes
  • leads to internal hemorrhage and overwhelming infections
  • treatments include irradiation, antileukemic drugs and bone marrow transplants
57
Q

condition where the number of circulating plateletsi s deficient

A

thrombocytopenia

58
Q

– hereditary bleeding disorders caused by lack of clotting factors. Symptoms include prolonged bleeding and painful and disabled joints

A

hemophilia

59
Q

most common type (83% of all cases) due to a deficiency of clotting factor VIII (8)

A

hemophilia A

60
Q

due to a deficiency of factor IX (9)

A

hemophilia B

61
Q

mild type, caused by a deficiency of factor XI (11)

A

hemophilia C

62
Q

blood cells are produced, located in the red bone marrow

A

hematopoietic stem cells

63
Q

blood cell development

A

2-4% of the bone marrow cell are stem cells

64
Q

is the process of blood cell formation

A

hematopoiesis

65
Q

hematopoietic Stem Cells transform into…

A

hematblasts (not fully mature)

66
Q

hematblasts transform into:

A
  • Proerythroblasts > Erythroblasts > Erythrocytes
  • Myeloblasts > Eosinophils, Basophils, Neutrophils
  • Monoblasts > Monocytes > Macroproteins
  • Lymphoblasts > Lymphocytes (T-cells and B-cells)
  • Megakaryoblasts > Megakaryocytes (Thrombocytes)
67
Q

for the development of monocytes and macrophage

A

Macrophage – CSF (M-CSF)

68
Q

for the development of granulocytes and monocytes

A

Granulocyte Monocytes – CSF (GM-CSF)

69
Q

helps the development of granulocytes only

A

Granulocyte – CSF (G-CSF)

70
Q

for RBC production

A

Erythroprotein (EPO)

71
Q
  • multi – CSF, helps various cell production
  • and other ILs’
A

Interleukin – 3 (IL-3)

72
Q

albumins

A
  • 55%
  • responsible for blood thickness
  • blood has more albumins than tissue fluid, so blood can draw
    water from tissue
73
Q

these are the antibodies

A

globulins (38%)

74
Q

blood clotting protein (has to be converted into fibrin)

A

fibrinogen (7%)

75
Q

platelet plug

A
  • cytoplasm of platelets contain alpha granules and dense granules
  • aplha granules contain blood clotting factors and growth factors
  • dense granules supply ATP, ADP, enzymes, and Fibrin stabilizing
76
Q

three steps in the platelet plug progess

A
  • Platelet Adhesion
     Platelets get attached to the wall of the damaged blood
    vessel
     Platelet become irregular shaped
  • Platelet Release Reaction
     Platelets release factors and become sticky
  • Platelet Plug Formation
     Platelets form a mass and plug the hole in the
    damaged blood vessel
77
Q

steps of blood coagulation:

A

Prothrombin (plasma protein) is formed > converted into Thrombin (enzyme) > Thrombin converts soluble Fibrinogen into insoluble fibrins > fibrins form network that traps blood cells and stops bleeding > Growth Factors initiate cell proliferation leading toward healing processes

78
Q

the smooth muscles in the wall of the blood vessel contract to
reduce bleeding

A

vascular spasm

79
Q

clotting within an unbroken blood vessel

A

thrombus

80
Q

a thrombus that can move

A

embolus

81
Q

determined by the antigens (proteins) expressed on the
surface of the RBC

A

blood groups

82
Q

Rh genotypes

A
  • Rh- positive (RR or Rf)
    -Rh-negative (rr)
83
Q

a person is Rh postive

A
  • Rh-antigens on RBC surface
  • no Rh-antibodies in plasma
84
Q

a person is Rh-negative

A
  • no Rh- antigens on RBC surface
  • no Rh-antibodies in plasma
85
Q

Rh incompatible blodd tranfusion

A

Rh-negative person (recipient) receives a blood transfusion
from an Rh-positive person (donor) > Rh-antigens sensitize immune system of recipient > Rh-antigens sensitize > person receives another transfusion with Rh-positive blood, Rh-antibodies from recipient’s blood will react with Rh- antigens from donor

86
Q

abnormal clumping of cells

A

agglutination

87
Q

complete breakdown of RBC

A

hemolysis

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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