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Anatomy and Physiology > A&P Chapter 5: > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 5: Flashcards

1
Q

skin consists of two distinct regions:

A
  1. Epidermis: superficial region
    * Consists of epithelial tissue and is avascular
  2. Dermis: underlies epidermis
    * Mostly fibrous connective tissue, vascular
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2
Q

Hypodermis (superficial fascia)

A
  • Subcutaneous layer deep to skin
  • Not part of skin but shares some functions
  • Mostly adipose tissue that absorbs shock and
    insulates
  • Anchors skin to underlying structures: mostly muscles
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3
Q

consists mostly of keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium

A

epidermis

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4
Q

four cell types found in epidermis

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic (langerhans) cells, tactile (merkel) cells

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5
Q

keratinocytes

A
  • Produce fibrous keratin (protein that
    gives skin its protective properties)
  • Major cells of epidermis
  • Tightly connected by desmosomes
  • Millions slough off every day
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6
Q

melanocytes

A

Spider-shaped cells located in deepest epidermis
* Produce pigment melanin, which is packaged into
melanosomes
– Melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes, where
they protect nucleus from UV damage

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7
Q

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

A
  • Star-shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis
    – Are key activators of immune system
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8
Q

tactile (merkel) cells

A
  • Sensory receptors that sense touch
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9
Q

5 layers of skin:

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
  5. Stratum corneum
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10
Q

1.Stratum basale (basal layer)

A
  • Deepest of all epidermal layers (base layer)
  • One daughter cell journeys from basal layer to surface,
    taking 25–45 days to reach surface
    – Cell dies as it moves toward surface
  • Other daughter cell remains in stratum basale as stem cell
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11
Q
  1. stratum spinosum (prickly layer)
A
  • Several cell layers thick
    – Keratinocytes in this layer appear spikey, so they are called prickle cells
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12
Q
  1. Stratum granulosum (granular layer)
A
  • Four to six cells thick, but cells are flattened, so
    layer is thin
    – Cell appearance changes
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13
Q
  1. Stratum lucidum (clear layer)
A
  • Found only in thick skin
    – Consists of thin, translucent band of two to three rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes
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14
Q
  1. Stratum corneum (horny layer)
A
  • 20–30 rows of flat, anucleated, keratinized dead
    cells
    – Accounts for three-quarters of epidermal
    thickness
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15
Q

cells change by going through….

A

apoptosis (controlled cell death)

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16
Q

apoptosis

A

– Dead cells slough off as dandruff and dander
– Humans can shed ~50,000 cells every minute

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17
Q

dermis

A
  • Strong, flexible connective tissue
  • Fibers in matrix bind body together
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18
Q

two layers of dermis

A

papillary and recticular

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19
Q

superficial region of dermis
that sends fingerlike projections up into
epidermis

A

dermal papillea

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20
Q

papillae found on soles and
palms that lie on larger mounds which cause
epidermas to produce epidermal ridges

A

dermal ridges

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21
Q

peg like projections many contain capillary loops, pain receptors, or touch receptors

A

dermal papillae

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22
Q

assumed to enhance gripping and enhance sense of touch

A

epidermal ridges=friction ridges

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23
Q

makes up about 80% of dermal thickess

A

recticular layer

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24
Q

in reticular layer are caused by many collagen fibers running parallel to skin surface
* Important to surgeons because incisions parallel to cleavage lines heal more readily

A

cleavage (tension) lines

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25
Q

reticular layer are dermal folds at or near joints

A

flexure lines

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26
Q

Only pigment made in skin; made by melanocytes

A

melanin

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27
Q

two forms: reddish yellow to brownish black

A

*All humans have same number of
keratinocytes, so color differences are due to
amount and form of melanin
* Freckles and pigmented moles are local
accumulations of melanin

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28
Q

carotene

A

*Yellow to orange pigment
* Most obvious in palms and soles
* Accumulates in stratum corneum and hypodermis
* Can be converted to vitamin A for vision and
epidermal health

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29
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • Oxygenated pigment in erythrocytes
  • Pinkish hue of fair skin is due to lower levels of
    melanin
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30
Q

excessive sun exposure damaged skin

A
  1. Elastic fibers clump, causing skin to become
    leathery
  2. Can depress immune system and cause
    alterations in DNA that may lead to skin cancer
  3. UV light destroys folic acid
  4. Photosensitivity is increased reaction to sun
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31
Q

Blue skin color - low oxygenation
of hemoglobin

A

cyanosis

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32
Q

– Fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy

A

erythema (redness)

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33
Q

Anemia, low blood pressure, fear,
anger

A

pallor (blanching)

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34
Q

Liver disorder

A

jaundice (yellow cast)

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35
Q

Inadequate steroid hormones in
addison’s disease

A

bronzing

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36
Q

clotted blood beneath skin

A

bruises

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37
Q

hair

A
  • Consists of dead keratinized cells
  • None located on palms, soles, lips, nipples, and
    portions of external genitalia
  • Functions: Warn of insects on skin, hair on head guards against physical trauma, protect from heat loss, shield skin from sunlight
  • Produced by hair follicles
  • Contains hard keratin, not like soft keratin found in skin
38
Q

regions of the hair

A

shaft and root

39
Q

area that extends above scalp, where
keratinization is complete

A

shaft

40
Q

area within scalp, where keratinization is still
going on

A

root

41
Q

three parts of hair shaft:

A

medulla, cortex, and cuticle

42
Q

central core of large cells and air spaces

A

medulla

43
Q

several layers of flattened cells
surrounding medulla

A

cortex

44
Q

outer layer consisting of overlapping
layers of single cells

A

cuticle

45
Q

actively dividing area of bulb that produces hair cells

A

hair matrix

46
Q
  • small band of smooth muscle attached to follicle
  • Responsible for “goose bumps”
A

arrector pili

47
Q

Dermal tissue containing a knot of
capillaries that supplies nutrients to
growing hair

A

hair papilla

48
Q

pale, fine body hair of children and
adult females

A

vellus hair

49
Q

coarse, long hair
* found on scalp and eyebrows, at puberty

A

Terminal hair

50
Q

hair thinning in both sexes after age 40
* true (frank) baldness

A

alopecia

51
Q

nails

A
  • Scale-like modifications of epidermis that
    contain hard keratin
  • Act as a protective cover for distal, dorsal
    surface of fingers and toes
52
Q

thickened portion of bed responsible for nail growth

A

nail matrix

53
Q

skin folds that overlap border of nail

A

nail folds

54
Q
  • nail fold that projects onto
    surface of nail body
  • also called cuticle
A

eponychium

55
Q

area under free edge of plate
that accumulates dirt

A

hyponychium

56
Q

Also called sudoriferous glands

A

sweat glands

57
Q

two main types of sweat glands

A
  • eccrine (merocrine)
  • apocrine
58
Q

eccrine (merocrine)

A
  • Most numerous type
  • Abundant on palms, soles, and forehead
  • Their secretion is sweat
    – 99% water, salts, vitamin C, antibodies,
    dermcidin (microbe-killing peptide), metabolic
    wastes
59
Q

aprocrine sweat glands

A
  • Confined to axillary and anogenital areas
  • Secrete viscous milky or yellowish sweat that
    contains fatty substances and proteins
    – Bacteria break down sweat, leading to body odor
  • begin functioning at puberty
60
Q

modified apocrine gland

A

ceruminous gland and mammary glands

61
Q

lining of external ear canal; secrete cerumen (earwax)

A

ceruminous gland

62
Q

secrete milk

A

mammary gland

63
Q

sebaceous (oil) glands

A
  • Widely distributed, except for thick skin of palms and soles
  • secrete subum
64
Q

whiteheads

A

blocked sebaceous glands

65
Q

acne

A

usually an infectious inflammation of the
sebaceous glands, resulting in pimples
(pustules)

66
Q

known as “cradle cap”

A

seborrhea

67
Q

function of skin

A

protection, body temperature regulation, cutaneous sensations, metabolic functions, blood reservoir and excretion of wastes

68
Q

Skin is exposed to microorganisms, abrasions,
temperature extremes, and harmful chemicals

A

protection

69
Q

constitutes three barriers of protection

A

chemical barrier, physical barrier, and biological barrier

70
Q

chemical

A

– Skin secretes many chemicals, such as:
* Sweat, which contains antimicrobial proteins
* Sebum and defensins, which kill bacteria
* Cells also secrete antimicrobial defensin

71
Q

low pH of skin retards bacterial
multiplication

A

acid mantle

72
Q

physical barrier

A

flat, dead, keratinized cells of stratum corneum, surrounded by glycolipids, block most water and water-soluble substances

73
Q

biological barrier

A

– Epidermis contains phagocytic cells
- Dermis contains macrophages
- DNA can absorb harmful UV radiation, converting it to harmless heat

74
Q

insensible perspiration

A

Under normal, resting body temperature, sweat glands produce about 500 ml/day of unnoticeable sweat

75
Q

sensible perspiration

A

If body temperature rises, dilation of dermal vessels can increase sweat gland activity to produce 12 L (3 gallons) of noticeable sweat (designed to cool body)

76
Q

Metabolic Functions

A
  1. Skin can synthesize vitamin D needed for
    calcium absorption in intestine
  2. Chemicals from keratinocytes can disarm
    some carcinogens
  3. Keratinocytes can activate some hormones
77
Q

blood reservoir

A
  • Skin can hold up to 5% of the body’s total blood
    volume
  • Skin vessels can be constricted to shunt blood
    to other organs, such as an exercising muscle
78
Q

Skin can secrete limited amounts of
nitrogenous wastes, such as ammonia, urea,
and uric acid

A

excretion

79
Q

less common, but more damaging are:

A

skin cancer and burns

80
Q

three major types of skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma

81
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A
  • Least malignant and most common
  • Cured by surgical excision in 99% of cases
82
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

Second most common type; can metastasize

83
Q

melanoma

A

Cancer of melanocytes; is most dangerous type
because it is highly metastatic and resistant to
chemotherapy

84
Q

burns

A

-Tissue damage caused by heat, electricity,
radiation, or certain chemicals
- To evaluate burns, the Rule of Nines is used

85
Q

treatment for burns

A

debridement (removal) of burned skin, antibiotics, temporary covering, and skin grafts

86
Q

are small fluid-filled blisters that itch, and usually occur around the lips and in the mucosa of the mouth

A

cold sores

87
Q

may be triggered by stress, food allergies, lack of vitamins and minerals, hormonal changes or menstrual periods; are contagious

A

canker sores

88
Q

delicate hairs in 5th and 6th
month

A

lanugo coat

89
Q

sebaceous gland secretion that protects
skin of fetus while in watery amniotic fluid

A

vernix caseosa

90
Q

skin thickens and accumulates more subcutaneous fat; sweat and sebaceous gland activity increases, leading to acne

A

infancy to adulthood

91
Q

aging skin

A

– Epidermal replacement slows; skin becomes
thin, dry, and itchy (decreased sebaceous gland activity)
– Subcutaneous fat and elasticity decrease,
leading to cold intolerance and wrinkles
– Increased risk of cancer due to decreased
numbers of melanocytes and dendritic cells
– Hair thinning

92
Q

ways to delay aging

A

UV protecton, good nutrition, lots of fluids, and good hygiene

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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