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Anatomy and Physiology > A&P Chapter 3: > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 3: Flashcards

1
Q

cell theory

A
  • a cell the structural and functional unit of life
  • structures and functions are complementary
  • continuity of life has celluar basis
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2
Q

substance that acts as glue to hold cells together

A

extracellular matrix

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3
Q

acts as an active barrier separating intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

plasma membrane

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4
Q

structure of plasme membrane

A
  • consists of membrane lipis that form a flexible bilayer
  • surface sugars form glycalyx
  • membrane structures help to hold cells together through cell junctions
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5
Q

Lipid bilayer is made up of:

A
  • 75% phospholipid which consists of two parts; phosphate heads are hydrophilic (water lovers), and fatty acid tails are hydrophibic (water haters)
  • 5% glycolipids
  • 20% cholesterol
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6
Q

Two types of membrane proteins:

A
  • Integral proteins
  • Peripheral proteins
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7
Q

Intergral proteins

A
  • firmly inserted into membrane
  • most are transmembrane proteins
  • have hydrophilic and hydrophobic region which hydrophilic interacts with water and hydrophobic interacts with lipis tails
  • function transport proteins, enzymes, or receptors
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8
Q

Peripheral proteins

A
  • loosely attached to intergral proteins
  • include filaments on intracellular aurface used for plasma membrane for support
  • functions as enzymes, motor proteins (for shape change), and cell-to-cell connections
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9
Q

Membrance proteins performing many tasks:

A

a.) transport:
b.) receptors:
c.) enzymatic activity:
d.) cell-to cell regonition:
e.) attatchment to the cytoskelrton and extracellular matrix (ECM)
f.) cell-to-cell joining

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10
Q

cell junctions

A
  • some cells are “free” (not bound to any other cells)
  • most cells are bound together to form tissues and organs
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11
Q

The three ways cells can be bound to each other:

A

1.) tight junctons
2.) desmosomes
3.) gap junctions

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12
Q
  • intergral proteins on adjacent cells fuse to form an imperable junction that encircles whole cell
  • prevent fluids and mose molecules from moving betwen cells
A

tight junction

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13
Q

rivet-like cell jucntion formed when linker proteins (cadherins) of neighboring cell interlock like the teeth of a zipper

A

desmosomes

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14
Q

transmembrane proteins (connexons) form tunnels that all small molecules to pas from cell to cell

A

gap junctions

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15
Q

Structure of Plasme Membrane

A

the plasme membrane is selectively permeable allowing certain molecules to cross

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16
Q

Two essential ways substancs cross plasme membranes

A

1.) Passive transport: no energy is required
2.) Active transport: energy (ATP) is required

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17
Q

Three types of passive transport

A

1.) simple diffusion
2.) facilitated diffusion
3.) osmosis

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18
Q

very small molecules that can pass through membrane or membrane channel
- ex: oxygen, fatty acid, carbon dioxide

A

simple diffusion

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19
Q

larger or non-lipid souble or polar molecules can cross membrane but inly with assistance of carrier molecules

A

facilitated diffusion

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20
Q

is special name for movement of solvent (usuallu water), not molecules

A

osmosis

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21
Q
  • channels with aqueous-filled cores are formed by transmembrane proteins
  • two types: leackage channels (always open), and gated channels (controlled by chemical or electrical signals
A

channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

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22
Q

measure the concentration of the total number of solute particles in solvent

A

osmolarity

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23
Q

outward pressure exerted on cell side of membrane caused by increase in volume of cell due to osmosis

A

hydrostatic pressure

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24
Q

inward pressure due to tendency if water to be “pulled into a cell with higher osmolarities

A

osmostic pressure

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25
Q

has same osmolarity as inside cell, so volume remains unchanged

A

isotonic solution

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26
Q

has higher osmolarity than inside cell, so water flows out of cell, resulting in cell shrinking

A

hypertonic solution

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27
Q

has lower osmolarity than inside cell, so water flows into cell, resulting in cell swelling

A

hypotonic solution

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28
Q

two major active membrane transport processes:

A

1.) active transport
2.) vesicular transport

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29
Q

transport one substance into cell while transporting a different substance out of cell

A

antiporters

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30
Q

transport two different substances in the same direction

A

symporters

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31
Q

required energy comes directly from ATP hydrolysis

A

primary active transport

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32
Q

required energy is obtained indirectly from ionic gradients created by primary active transport

A

secondary active transport

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33
Q

involves transport of large particles, macromolecules, and fluids across membrane in membranous sacs called vesicles

A

vesicular transport

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34
Q

transport into cell

A

endocytosis

35
Q

transport out of cell

A

excytosis

36
Q

type of endocytosis that is referred to as “cell eating”

A

phagocytosis

37
Q

type of endocytosis that is referred to as “cell drinking” or fluid-phase endocytosis

A

pinocytosis

38
Q

involves endocytosis and trancytosis of specific molecules

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

39
Q

gel-like solution made up of water and soluble molecules such as proteins, salts, sugars, etc

A

cytosol

40
Q

insoluble molecules; vary with cell type

A

inclusions

41
Q

metabolic machinery structures of cell; each with specialized function; either membranous or nonmembranous

A

organelles

42
Q
  • produces most ATP
  • contains ribosomes and enzymes
A

mitochondria

43
Q

make protein

A

ribosomes

44
Q

free floating; site of synthesis of soluble proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles

A

free ribosomes

45
Q

attached to membrane of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

membrane-bound ribosomes

46
Q
  • produces proteins
  • External surface appears rough because it is studded with attached ribosomes
A

rough er

47
Q
  • fats, detoxides
  • Network of looped tubules continuous with rough ER
A

smooth er

48
Q
  • Stacked and flattened membranous cistern sacs
  • Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids received from rough ER
A

golgi apparatus

49
Q

Membranous sacs containing powerful detoxifying substances that neutralize toxins

A

peroxisomes

50
Q

toxic, highly reactive molecules that are natural by-products of cellular metabolism; can cause havoc to cell if not detoxified

A

free radicals

51
Q

breakdown sugar and release calcium

A

lysosomes

52
Q

Elaborate network of rods that run throughout cytosol

A

cytoskeleton

53
Q
  • Thinnest of all cytoskeletal elements
  • Semi-flexible strands of protein actin
  • Each cell has a unique arrangement of strands, although share common terminal web
A

microfilaments

54
Q
  • Size is in between microfilaments and microtubules
  • Tough, insoluble, ropelike protein fibers
  • help cell resist pulling forces
A

intermediate filaments

55
Q
  • Largest of cytoskeletal elements; consist of hollow tubes composed of protein subunits called tubulins, which are constantly being assembled and disassembled
  • Most radiate from centrosome area of cell
A

microtubules

56
Q

complexes that function in motility

A

motor proteins

57
Q

aid in the movement of the cell or of materials across the surface of the cell

A

cilia and flagella

58
Q

are fingerlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell to increase surface area

A

microvilli

59
Q

are whiplike, motile extensions on surfaces of certain cells (such as respiratory cells)

A

cilia

60
Q

are longer extensions that propel the whole cell (example: tail of sperm)

A

flagella

61
Q

allow substances to pass into and out of nucleus

A

nuclear pores

62
Q

Cell grows and carries on its usual activities

A

interphase

63
Q

Cell divides into two

A

cell division (mitotic phase)

64
Q

interphase broken into three subphases

A
  • G1 (gap 1): vigorous growth and metabolism
  • S (synthetic): DNA replication occurs
  • G2 (gap 2): preparation for division
65
Q

attaches to primer and begins adding nucleotides to form new strand

A

DNA polymerase

66
Q

of cell cycle is phase in which division occurs; consists of 2 distinct events:

A

m (mitotic) phase

67
Q

is crucial, so cells divide when necessary, but do not divide unnecessarily

A

control of cell division

68
Q

is the division of nucleus, in which the duplicated DNA is distributed to new daughter cells

A

mitosis (M phase)

69
Q

Chromatin condenses, forming visible chromosomes

A

early prophase

70
Q

Nuclear envelope breaks up

A

late prophase

71
Q

Centromeres of chromosomes are precisely aligned at cell’s equator

A

metaphase

72
Q

Chromosomes are pulled toward their respective poles by motor proteins of kinetochores

A

anaphase

73
Q
  • Begins when chromosome movement stops
  • New nuclear membranes form around each chromatin mass
A

telaphase

74
Q

Begins during late anaphase and continues through mitosis

A

cytokinesis

75
Q
  • Single stranded
  • Code from DNA template strand is copied with complementary base pairs, resulting in a strand of mRNA
  • Process is referred to as transcription
A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

76
Q
  • Structural component of ribosomes, the organelle where protein synthesis occurs
  • Along with tRNA, helps to translate message from mRNA into polypeptide
A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

77
Q
  • Carrier of amino acid
  • process is referred to as translation
A

tranfer RNA (tRNA)

78
Q

DNA information coded in mRNA

A

transcription

79
Q

mRNA decoded to assemble polypeptides

A

translation

80
Q

RNA polymerase separates DNA strands

A

initiation

81
Q

RNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to growing mRNA matching sequence of based on DNA template strand

A

elongation

82
Q

Transcription stops when RNA polymerase reaches special termination signal code

A

termination

83
Q

transcription is broken down into three parts:

A

initiation, elongation, and termination

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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