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Anatomy and Physiology > A&P Chapter 16: > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 16: Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones

A
  • paracrine glands, e.g. prostaglandins
  • autocrine gland, e.g. interleukins
  • exocrine glands, e.g. sweat glands
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2
Q

secrete their products into the body fluid (tissue fluid)

A

paracrine glands

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3
Q

paracrine glands products affects only the surrounding cells

A

prostaglandins

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4
Q

secretion affects only the secreted cells

A

autocrine glands, some interleukins

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5
Q

secrete their products into a duct

A

exocrine glands

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6
Q

excrine glands ducts transport the secreted products

A

sweat glands

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7
Q

are considered to be endocrine secretion that produce local hormones

A

paracrine and autocrine secreations

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8
Q

steroid (or steroid like substances) hormones

A

are lipid soluble

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9
Q

non-steroid hormones

A
  • amines: amino acids
  • peptides: groups of amino acids
  • proteins: much longer than peptides
  • glycoproteins: carbs and protein
  • all are water soluble
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10
Q

complex lipid substance

A

steroid hormones

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11
Q

derive from chloesterol

A

steroid hormones

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12
Q

these are lipid soluble compound; easily diffuse through the cell membrane

A

steroid hormone

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13
Q

combine with the receptors inside the nucleus and activate specific genes to synthesize specific proteins

A

steroid hormone

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14
Q

such proteins produce special effects or functions – which are the hormonal functions

A

steroid hormone

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15
Q

vitamin – D is a modified steroid that can be converted into a
hormone (Dihydroxycholecalceferol) to promote absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the gut

A

steroid hormone

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16
Q

examples of steroid hormones

A

androgen and estrogen

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17
Q

fat soluble hormones

A

steroid hormone

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18
Q

process of steroid hormones

A

Hormone passes through the cell membrane → passes through the cytoplasm → passes through the nuclear membrane → binds to a hormone receptor → binds to the DNA → activates gene →
protein synthesis → Protein action is the hormonal action

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19
Q

water soluble hormones

A

non-steroid hormones

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20
Q

process of non-steroid hormones

A

hormones bind to receptor and activate G-protein (hormone is the first messanger→ G protein activates enzyme (Adenylate Cyclase) → adelylate cyclase converts ATP into c-AMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) (c-AMP is the 2nd messager) → AMP activates set of enzymes (protein kinases) → Ca2+ is the 3rd messenger

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21
Q

also produced from the adrenal medulla form the amino acids

A

amines
e.g. triiodothyronine (T-3), thyroxine (T-4)

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22
Q

mostly produced from the hypothalamus and posterior part of the pituitary gland

A

peptide hormones
e.g. anti-diuretic hormone (ADH): contrict blood vessels blood pressure increase

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23
Q

mostly y produced from anterior part of the pituitary gland and the parathyroid gland

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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24
Q

there are paracrine secretions; can inflame organs

A

prostaglandins

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25
Q

these are lipids

A

prostaglandin

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26
Q

produced by the cells in the liver, kidney, heart, lungs, thymus, pancreas, brain, reproductive organs

A

prostaglandins

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27
Q

secretions regulate surrounding cells

A

prostaglandins

28
Q

actions of hormones

A
  • hormones function by altering metabolic processes
  • hormones may reach various different cells in the body, but only binds to the receptors of the target cells
  • these receptors are protein and glycoprotein molecules
29
Q

insufficient secretion of Growth Hormone (GH) from the anterior
pituitary during childhood

30
Q

over secreton of GH; over secretion can be associated with pituitary tumor

31
Q

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) helps kidney tubules to reabsorb
water from kidney filtrate. Inadequate ADH receptors (or
defective receptors) of kidney tubule cells cause excessive urine production

A

diabetes insipidus

32
Q

overactive thyroid functions; causing high metabolic rate, hyperactivity, weight loss,
heat sensitivity, goiter, etc.

A

hyperthyroidism (grave disease)

33
Q

under active thyroid functions; causing low metabolic rate, hypoactivity or sluggishness, mental dullness, weight gain, cold sensitivity, etc.

A

hypothyroidism

34
Q

occurs due to an iodine deficiency

A

simple goiter

35
Q

diabetes mellitus type 1

A
  • also called Juvenile-onset
  • diabetes or Insulin
  • dependent Diabetes
  • appears before age 20
  • caused by low insulin production
  • treatment by insulin supplement
36
Q

diabetes mellitus type 2

A
  • non-insulin dependent
  • milder form
  • typically appears after age 40
  • cells lose insulin receptors thus can not respond to insulin
  • treatment: exercise, avoid carbohydrate, etc.
37
Q

controls ACTH secretion (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

38
Q

releasing hormone (LHRH)); stimulates FSH and LH production (follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone)

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH))

39
Q

controls GH secretion (growth hormone)

A

Somatostatin (SS,) (Growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone (GIH))

40
Q

controls PRL secretion (prolactin)

A

Prolactin release-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

41
Q

stimulates PRL secretion (prolactin)

A

Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF)

42
Q

controls TSH secretion (thyroid stimulating hormone)

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

43
Q

controls hormone secretion from adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)/(Corticotropin
* anterior pituitary

44
Q

egg development, stimulation of follicular cells to produce
estrogen

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)/ (Follitropin)
* anterior pituitary

45
Q

cell growth and division

A

Growth hormone
(GH)/(Somatotropin (STH))
* anterior pituitary

46
Q

necessary for androgens (male hormones) production

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH) (Lurtopin, Intestinal cell-stimulating hormone
(ICSH))
* anterior pituitary

47
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A
  • breast devlopment
  • milk production
  • decreases LH secretion males
  • anterior pituitary
48
Q

controls hormone secretion from the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)/(Thyrotropin)
* anterior pituitary

49
Q

stimulates melanin synthesis

A

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
* anterior pituitary

50
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/(Vasopressin)

A
  • kidney water reabsorption
  • vasoconstriction
  • posterior pituitary
51
Q

Oxytocin (OT)

A
  • antidiuretic
  • uterine contraction
  • contraction of cells that produce and eject milk
  • posterior pituitary
52
Q

lowers blood calcium and phosphate levels

A

calcitonin

53
Q

thyroxin (T-4); triiodothyronine (T-3)

A
  • helps normal development of the nervous system
  • increases metabolism
  • increases protein synthesis and lipid breakdown
54
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)/(Parathormone)

A
  • increases blood calcium
  • decreases blood phosphate
  • phosphate excretion and calcium retention by kidney
  • calcium absorption gut (indirectly)
  • parathyroid gland
55
Q

same as epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

Norepinephrine (NE)/(Noradrenalin)
*parathyroid gland

56
Q

aldosterone

A
  • excretion of potassium
  • conservation of sodium and water by kidney to maintain blood pressure
  • adrenal cortex
57
Q

cortisol (hydrocortisone)

A
  • protein synthesis inhibition
  • formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate
  • adrenal cortex
58
Q

supplement the hormones produced by the gonads (males and females)

A

adrenal sex hormones
* adrenal cortex

59
Q

glucagon

A
  • stimulates the liver to produce glucose
  • increases blood glucose
  • breaks down fats
  • pancreas
60
Q

insulin

A
  • movement of glucose
  • through cell membrane
  • glucose and fat storage
  • promotes protein synthesis
  • pancreas
61
Q

inhibits insulin and glucagon release

A

somatostatin
* pancreas

62
Q

regulated day/nigh cycle

A

melatonin
* pineal gland

63
Q

helps maturation of T-cells

A

thymosin
* thymus

64
Q

development of secondary sexual characteristics

A

estrogen
* ovaries

65
Q

controls cyclical changes in the uterus and the breast

A

progesterone
* ovaries

66
Q

placenta

A
  • estrogens
  • progesterone
  • gonadotropins ( are the FSH and LH)
67
Q

produces testosterone

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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