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Anatomy and Physiology > A&P Chapter 4: > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 4: Flashcards

1
Q

groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function

A

tissues

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2
Q

study of tissues

A

histology

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3
Q

four basic tissue types of histology:

A

1.) epithelial
2.) connective
3.) muscle
4.) nervous tissue

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4
Q

internal communication
- brain, spinal cord, and nerves

A

Nervous tissue

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5
Q

contracts to cause movement

A

muscle tissue

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6
Q

forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters
- lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow organs, glands, skin surface

A

epthelial tissue

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7
Q

supports, protects, binds other tissues together
- bones, tendons, fat and other soft padding tissue

A

connective tissue

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8
Q

tissue is preserved with solvent

A

fixed

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9
Q

cut into slices thin enough to transmit ligh or electrons

A

sectioned

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10
Q

to enhance contrast, although artifacts ( distortions) detract from what the sample looks like in living tissues

A

stained

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11
Q

is a sheet of cells that cover body surfaces or cavities

A

epitheial tissue (epithelium)

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12
Q

two main forms of the epithelial tissue

A

1.) covering and lining epithelia
- on external and internal surfaces (ex: skin)
2.) glandular epitheia
- secretory tissue in glands (ex: salivary glands)

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13
Q

main functions of epithelial tissue

A

protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception

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14
Q

epithelial tissue five distinguishing characteristics:

A

polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissues, avascular, but innervated, and regeneration

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15
Q

cells have polarity (top and bottom)

A

polarity

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16
Q

upper free side, is exposed to surface or cavity

A

apical surface

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17
Q

decribe apical surface

A

most apical surfaces are smooth, but some have specialized fingerlike projections called microvilli

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18
Q

lower attached side, faces inwards toward body

A

basal surface

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19
Q

describe basal surface

A

attaches to basal lamina, an adhesive sheet that holds basal surface of epithelial cells to underlying cells

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20
Q
  • epithelial tissues need to fit closely together
A

specialized contacts

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21
Q

supported by connective tissues

A

recticular lamina and basement membrane

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22
Q
  • No blood vessels are found in epithelial tissue
  • Epithelia are supplied by nerve fibers
A

avascular, but innervated

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23
Q

Stimulated by loss of apical-basal polarity and broken lateral contacts

A

regeneration

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24
Q

what cells have a high regenrative capacities

A

epithelial cells

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25
Q

all epithelial tissues have two names

A

1.) indicates number of cell layers
- simple epithelia and stratified epthelia
2.) indicates shape of cells
- squamous, cuboidial, and columnar

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26
Q

simple epithelia

A

are a single layer thick

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27
Q

stratified epithelia

A

are two or more layers thick and involved in protection (skin)

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28
Q

sqaumous

A

flattened and scale like

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29
Q

cuboidial

A

box-like, cube

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30
Q

columnar

A

tall, column-like

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31
Q

Involved in absorption, secretion, or filtration processes

A

simple epithelia

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32
Q
  • Cells are flattened laterally, and cytoplasm is sparse
  • Function where rapid diffusion is priority
    • ex: kidney and lungs
A

simple sqaumous epithelium

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33
Q

Two special simple squamous epithelia are based on locations:

A

– Endothelium: lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart
– Mesothelium: serous membranes in the ventral body cavity

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34
Q
  • Single layer of cells
    – Involved in secretion and absorption
    – Forms walls of smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules
A

simple cuboidial epithelium

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35
Q
  • Single layer of tall, closely packed cells
  • Involved in absorption and secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances
  • Found in digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands, bronchi, and uterine
    tubes
A

simple columnar epithelium

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36
Q

Cells vary in height and appear to be multi-layered and stratified, but tissue is in
fact single-layered simple epithelium

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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37
Q
  • Involve two or more layers of cells
    – New cells regenerate from below
A

stratified epithelial tissues

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38
Q

*Most widespread of stratified epithelia
▪ Free surface is squamous, with deeper cuboidal or columnar layers
▪ Located in areas of high wear and tear (example: skin)
▪ Keratinized cells found in skin; nonkeratinized cells are found in moist linings

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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39
Q

*Quite rare
▪ Found in some sweat and mammary glands
▪ Typically only two cell layers thick

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

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40
Q

*Also very limited distribution in body
▪ Small amounts found in pharynx, in male urethra, and lining some glandular
ducts
▪ Usually occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia

A

stratified columnar epithelium

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41
Q

*Forms lining of hollow urinary organs
– Found in bladder, ureters, and urethra
▪ Basal layer cells are cuboidal or columnar
▪ Ability of cells to change shape when stretched allows for increased flow of
urine and, in the case of bladder, more storage space

A

transitional epithelium

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42
Q

One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion

A

gland

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43
Q
  • internally secreting (example: hormones)
  • Secrete (by exocytosis) hormones, messenger chemicals that travel through
    lymph or blood to their specific target organs
    – Target organs respond in some characteristic way
  • ductless glands
A

endocrine

44
Q
  • externally secreting (example: sweat)
  • More numerous than endocrine glands
    – Secrete products into ducts
A

exocrine

45
Q
  • Found in epithelial linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts
    – All produce mucin, a sugar-protein that can dissolve in water to form mucus, a
    slimy protective, lubricating coating
  • are only mucous cells and goblet cells
A

unicellular exocrine glands

46
Q

Usually surrounded by supportive connective tissue that supplies blood and nerve
fibers to gland
▪ composed of a duct and a secretory unit

A

multicellular exocrine gland

47
Q

multicellular exocrine glands structure

A

*Simple exocrine glands have unbranched ducts, but compound glands have
branched ducts
▪ In a tubular gland, secretory cells form a duct, whereas in alveolar glands,
secretory cells form sacs

48
Q

multicellular exocrine glands mode of secretion

A

Merocrine: most secrete products by exocytosis as secretions are produced
(sweat, pancreas)
▪ Holocrine: accumulate products within, then rupture (sebaceous oil glands)
▪ Apocrine: accumulate products within, but only apex ruptures (maybe mammary cells

49
Q

is the most abundant and widely distributed of primary tissues

A

connective tissue

50
Q

four main classes of connective tissue:

A

connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood

51
Q

characteristics make connective tissues different from other primary tissues

A

– Have varying degrees of vascularity (cartilage is avascular, bone is highly vascularized)
– Cells are suspended/embedded in extracellular matrix (ECM) (protein-sugar
mesh)

52
Q

all connective tissue have three main elements:

A

ground substance, fibers, cells

53
Q

Unstructured gel-like material that fills space between cells

A

ground substance

54
Q

connective tissue fibers

A

collagen, elastic fibers, recticular

55
Q
  • Strongest and most abundant type
    ▪ Tough; provides high tensile strength
A

collagen

56
Q

▪ Networks of long, thin, allow for stretch and recoil

A

elastic fibers

57
Q
  • Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers (different chemistry and form
    from collagen fibers)
    ▪ Branching forms networks that offer more “give”
A

recticular

58
Q

Immature form of cell that actively secretes ground substance and ECM fibers

A

“blast” cell

59
Q

found in connective tissue proper

A

fibroblast

60
Q

found in cartilage

A

chondroblast

61
Q

found in bone

A

osteoblast

62
Q

Mature, less active form of “blast” cell that now becomes part of and helps maintain health of matrix

A

“cyte” cells

63
Q

stores nutrients

A

fat cells

64
Q
  • Neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes
    ▪ Tissue response to injury
A

white blood cells

65
Q

Initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect

A

mast cells

66
Q

Phagocytic cells that “eat” dead cells, microorganisms; function in immune
system

A

macrophages

67
Q

Consists of all connective tissues except bone, cartilage, and blood

A

connective tissue proper

68
Q

two subclasses for connective tissue proper:

A

1.) CT proper: loose connective tissues
2.) CT proper: dense connective tissues

69
Q

CT proper: loose connective tissues

A

areolar, adipose, and recticular

70
Q

CT proper: dense connective tissues

A

dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic

71
Q

areolar connective tissue

A
  • Most widely distributed CT
    ▪ Supports and binds other tissues
    ▪ Universal packing material between other tissues
72
Q

adipose tissue

A

white fat: Similar to areolar tissue but greater nutrient storage, richly vascularized, and functions in shock absorption, insulation, and energy storage
brown fat: Use lipid fuels to heat bloodstream rather than to produce ATP

73
Q

recticular connective tissue

A

▪ Resembles areolar tissue, but fibers are thinner reticular fibers
* fibers form a mesh-like stroma that acts as a support for blood cells
in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow

74
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A
  • Very high tensile strength;
    ▪ Closely packed bundles of thick collagen fibers run parallel to direction of pull
    ex: tendons and ligaments
75
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A
  • bundles of collagen are thicker
    ▪ Forms sheets rather than bundles
    ▪ Resists tension from many directions
  • found in dermis, fiberous joint capsules, fiberous coverings of some organs
76
Q

elastic connective tissue

A
  • Some ligaments are very elastic
    – Example: ligaments connecting adjacent vertebrae must be very elastic
    ▪ Also found in walls of many large arteries
    – Arteries need to stretch when blood enters and recoil to push blood out
77
Q

Matrix secreted from chondroblasts (during growth) and chondrocytes (adults)

A

cartilage

78
Q

receives nutrients from membrane surrounding it (perichondrium)

A

avascular

79
Q

three types of cartilage:

A

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage

80
Q

hyaline cartilage

A
  • Most abundant; “gristle”
    ▪ Appears as shiny bluish glass
    ▪ Found at tips of long bones, nose, trachea, larynx, and cartilage of the ribs
81
Q

elastic cartilage

A
  • Similar to hyaline but with more elastic fibers
    ▪ Found in ears and epiglottis
82
Q

fibrocartilage

A
  • Properties between hyaline and dense regular tissue
    ▪ Strong, so found in areas such as intervertebral discs and knee
83
Q

bone

A

_ Also called osseous tissue
– Supports and protects body structures
– Stores fat and synthesizes blood cells in cavities
– Has more collagen compared to cartilage
– Has inorganic calcium salts
– Osteoblasts produce matrix

84
Q

maintain the matrix

A

osteocytes

85
Q
  • Most atypical connective tissue because it is fluid
  • Functions in transport and in carrying nutrients, wastes, gases, and other
    substances
A

blood

86
Q
  • Highly vascularized
  • Responsible for most types of movement
A

muscle tissue

87
Q

three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

88
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • Attached to and causes movement of bones
    – Also called voluntary muscle
    – Cells are called muscle fibers
89
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A
  • Found only in walls of heart
    – Involuntary muscle
    – Like skeletal muscle, contains striations; but cells have only one nucleus
    – Cells can have many branches that join branches of other cardiac cells
90
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A
  • Found mainly in walls of hollow organs (other than heart)
    – Involuntary muscle
    – Has no visible striations
    – Spindle-shaped cells with one nucleus
91
Q

Main component of nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves)

A

nervous tissue

92
Q

specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

A

neurons

93
Q

three types of covering and lining membranes

A

Cutaneous membranes, mucous membranes, and serous membranes

94
Q

cutaneous membranes

A

_ Another name for skin
* Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) attached to a thick layer of
connective tissue (dermis)
* Unlike other membranes, skin is a dry membrane

95
Q

mucous membranes

A
  • Mucosa indicates location, not cell composition
  • Also called mucosae
  • Moist membranes bathed by secretions (or urine)
  • Epithelial sheet lies over layer of loose connective tissue called lamina propria
  • May secrete mucus
96
Q

serous membranes

A
  • Also called serosae
  • Found in closed ventral body cavities
  • Constructed from simple squamous epithelium (called mesothelium) resting on thin
    areolar connective tissue
97
Q
  • Repair starts very quickly
  • Repair is the function of the inflammatory process
A

tissue repair

98
Q

repair can occur in two major ways:

A
  • Regeneration: same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue, so original function
    is restored
    – Fibrosis: connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue, and original function lost
99
Q

The steps in tissue repair:

A

1.) Inflammation sets stage
2.) Organization restores blood supply
3.) Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair

100
Q

Inflammation sets stage

A

Release of inflammatory chemicals causes:
▪ Dilation of blood vessels
▪ Increase in blood vessel permeability
– Clotting of blood occurs

101
Q

organization restores blood supply

A
  • begins as the blood clot is replaced with granulation tissue (new
    capillary-enriched tissue)
    – Epithelium begins to regenerate
    – Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to bridge the gap until regeneration is complete
    – Any debris in area is phagocytized
102
Q

Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair

A
  • The scab detaches
    – Fibrous tissue matures
    – Epithelium thickens and begins to resemble adjacent tissue
    – Results in a fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue, which may or
    may not be visible
103
Q

Epithelial tissues, bone, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, blood-forming tissue

A

Tissues that regenerate extremely

104
Q

Tissue with moderate regenerating capacity

A

smooth muscle and dense regular connective tissue

105
Q

Tissues with virtually no functional regenerative capacity

A
  • Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord
    – New research shows cell division does occur, and efforts are underway to coax
    them to regenerate better
106
Q

primary germs layer

A
  • Superficial to deep: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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